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POWER TECHNOLOGIES From a grid-management perspective, all energy storage devices could be classified as power technologies, as they provide power to the grid when needed for any of the applications described in Table 2. For the purposes of this report, the group of technologies considered to be power technologies are those that are designed to provide high rates of charge acceptance and injection over short time durations. Utilities and energy storage providers have successfully demonstrated two power technologies—electrochemical capacitors and high-speed flywheels—in grid power applications. Flywheels generate power by accelerating or decelerating a rotor that is coupled to an electromagnetic field. Electrochemical capacitors store energy in the electric double layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface, and, in some instances, as a fast Faradaic process referred to as a psuedocapacitance. Power technologies must have sufficient capacity to support the requisite pulse durations demanded by the grid and must be able to do so with high efficiency. These devices are most suited for the grid application of area and frequency regulation, as described in Table 2, which requires these devices to cycle tens or hundreds of thousands of times. The renewables grid integration application area is also a possible application for these systems, as long as these systems can supply the energy necessary to support longer pulse loads (1–2 seconds). While flywheels and electrochemical capacitors are currently being demonstrated and deployed, their energy capacity must be increased through significant advances in materials technology in order to achieve widespread adoption. CURRENT PERCEIVED LIMITATIONS OF POWER TECHNOLOGIES Current electrochemical capacitors and flywheels are limited by their low energy storage capacities and their high normalized costs. These technologies need to be more inexpensive and must be able to store larger amounts of energy to increase their suitability for grid applications. The following gaps and limitations have been identified and, if overcome, could make the most significant advances toward more widespread application of these technologies: n THE ELECTROLYTES IN CAPACITORS ARE NOT OPTIMIZED FOR GRID USE. The electrolytes in current designs have high wetting with low voltages and are also potentially flammable, which poses safety concerns. n THE NORMALIZED COST OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS IS TOO HIGH FOR GRID APPLICATIONS. Current materials used in electrochemical capacitors are too high for widespread grid-scale deployment and have low energy densities, high equivalent resistances, and limited operating temperature ranges. n THE ENERGY DENSITY OF HIGH-SPEED FLYWHEELS IS TOO LOW FOR WIDESPREAD GRID-SCALE USE. Materials have not yet been sufficiently developed that provide flywheels with optimized energy densities (e.g., high- strength materials that allow for increased rotor rotation rates). n FLYWHEEL DESIGNS ARE COMPLEX. The complicated design of flywheels can enable high cycling, but stress on the flywheel hub can increase friction and consequently reduce efficiency and cycle life. POWER TECHNOLOGIES 33PDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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