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REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS n Current: $4,000/kW (alkaline and electrolysis and polymer fuel cell with separate module for electrolysis and for fuel cells) n 2015: $2,000/kW (alkaline and electrolysis and polymer fuel cell with one module for electrolysis and regeneration); $800–$1,000/kW (solid oxide fuel cell with one module for electrolysis and regeneration) n 2020: $1,500/kW (for both types of fuel cells) n 2030: $250/kW (for both types of fuel cells) PRIORITY ACTIVITIES TO ADVANCE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES With targeted research and development, emerging technologies such as metal-air batteries, regenerative fuel cells, and multivalent chemistries have the potential to contribute to the advancement of grid-scale energy storage. There are a variety of technology-specific and crosscutting activities and initiatives that could help overcome the current gaps and limitations of these technologies in areas such as materials performance, modeling, lifecycle testing, and degradation analysis: n METAL-AIR BATTERIES – Developing new catalysts with low overpotentials for oxygen reduction could make batteries more efficient, cost-effective, and bifunctional in the long term. The development of air electrodes with high electrochemical activity for metal-air batteries to lower their polarization and resistance could also have a long-term impact. n REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS – Improving thermal management in endothermic electrolysis reactions and exothermic fuel cell reactions could have a mid-term market impact. Developing alkaline membranes, which do not require the use of precious metals, and extending nano-structured, thin-film catalysts to electrolyzers could significantly increase the potential for regenerative fuel cells to impact grid storage. n MULTIVALENT CHEMISTRIES – Exploring currently untapped multivalent chemistries, such as magnesium-ion and aluminum-ion, could have a significant impact on the efficiency and cost of energy storage technologies. The success of these activities and initiatives will require significant support from DOE. To help DOE better focus its resources over time, Figure 8 divides the solutions by the time frame in which they will impact the market: near term (less than 5 years), mid term (5–10 years), and long term (10–20 years). The bolded activities are high-priority initiatives. 38 ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES FOR STATIONARY ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONSPDF Image | Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Applications
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