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6000 22 Tamb Top Tem Tmin 5000 20 18 4000 16 3000 14 12 2000 10 1000 8 6 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 04 0 5 10 15 20 t (h) (a) heat load 0 5 10 15 20 t (h) (b) emission and zone temperature Figure 3: Building side boundary conditions 1.05 1.15 0.7 0.75 0 5 10 15 20 t (h) (a) day-night tariff 0 5 10 15 20 t (h) (b) time of use scheme Figure 4: Grid side boundary conditions storage is determined by the temperature of the flow returning from the emission system. This temperature can be calculated as T = T − ε(T − T ̄ ). Here the same effectiveness ε = 0.6 is used. The rate at which heat is lost from the thermal energy storage to the surroundings is determined by the UA value. This value is assumed to be linearly dependent on the storage capacity. This assumption is justified by the observation of several commercially available tanks. The proportionality factor is chosen to be 3500s−1. The only variable parameter is Emax, representing the maximum storage energy capacity. This parameter is varied from 0.1 to 1.5 times the total building energy demand to represent small and large storages. 3.3. Comparison of stratified and mixed storage 3.3.1. Day-night energy tariff In figure 5(a) the optimized total energy cost assuming the day-night energy price tariff is presented for several storage sizes for both the stratified and mixed storage model. A minimum relative energy cost of 0.80 is obtained for the stratified model when the storage capacity is 1.1 times the energy demand. For the mixed model no minimum in energy cost is obtained within the calculated range. The total energy use is presented in figure 5(b). The rise in energy use for c h h em 6 p∗ Q ̇em (W) p∗ ◦ T ( C)PDF Image | Energy cost reduction by optimal control of ideal sensible thermal energy storage
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