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controlled way to limit the build-up of vapor pressure inside the concrete. Density measurements by SP shows a mass loss of 4.3% for samples heated to 200 °C in accordance with this prescribed heating process. Further heating to 550 °C only marginally reduces density (0.39 %) proving that nearly all the free water has been removed at 200 °C, and that the additional loss is probably due to the release of some chemically bound water. Similar results were also reported in [5] by thermal stability analysis performed on small non-conditioned HEATCRETE® samples. Furthermore, from compression testing at temperature, HEATCRETE® attains twice the strength of normal structural concrete at 200 °C, increasing from 45 MPa as cast and cured up to 84 MPa at the higher temperature. The strength also remains high at further elevated temperatures (>70 MPa at 400 °C); this is an important result since it implies that the HEATCRETE® has strong mechanical integrity at operational temperatures. PILOT STORAGE SYSTEM RESULTS When the TES is operated, the individual elements in the modules exchange energy by means of the HTF flowing through the serially connected elements. As typical for sensible TES systems this results in a “hot-side” and “cold- side” with a difference in temperature (DT = Tin-Tout) over the storage. The DT decreases as the TES is being charged, subsequently discharged, and the rate of change depends on the HTF mass flow and duration of charge and discharge. The HTF inlet temperatures and mass flow for the charge/discharge cycles during testing of the pilot TES is chosen based on a prescribed set of conditions emulating a solar field and a power block in a typical parabolic trough CSP plant. In such plants the steam generator is typically operated in a sliding pressure and temperature mode following a decrease in HTF temperature. This results in a decreasing outlet temperature (thus decreasing inlet temperature to the TES) as the TES outlet temperature decreases during discharge. Figure 4 shows the measured HTF temperature and mass flow from one week of continuous operation. The HTF is heated to 390 °C in the installation by the electrical heater; however, thermal losses in the oil loop facility reduces the inlet temperature delivered to the TES modules to about 375 °C. These thermal losses mainly arise from using small-diameter piping (3/4” and 1”) and having relatively large piping distances (>50 m) with several discrete heat losses between the heater and TES. Improvements are ongoing to reduce such losses. Figure 5 shows the measured internal concrete temperatures, from sensors cast 50 cm into every fourth element (in the series of 24 elements), attached to the HTF tubes. The recorded data shows that the TES elements provide stable and repetitive response over time. FIGURE 4. Measured HTF temperature and mass flow for one module over a period of four days. 080011-4PDF Image | EnergyNest thermal energy storage (TES) technology
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