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FIGURE 5. Measured internal concrete temperatures (sensors cast into the elements) and inlet/outlet temperatures for one module over a period of four days showing the repeatable performance of the storage. The gross charged and net discharged energy and power is directly calculated based on measured mass flow (π) and enthalpy difference (h) of HTF from inlet/outlet of the individual module during cycling. "Gross" in this respect refers to energy supplied to the TES, not accounting for the heat losses from the TES during charging, whereas "net" means the actual energy extracted from the TES by considering heat losses. In other words, during cycling where the TES goes from a given initial state (internal temperature distribution at t = t0) through a complete charge/discharge cycle and ends up at the same state (at t = t1), the difference between gross charge and net discharge over the complete cycle equals the total heat loss (qcycle-loss). The relative cycled energy is therefore calculated from integrating power over time accounting for the measured total heat loss per cycle (eqns. 1, 2): πππ€ππ'( = π*+, h*+,./0 β h*+,.23' (1) πΈπππππ¦'( = ': πππ€ππ'(ππ‘ β π=>=?@.?2AA (2) The TES is charged aiming at reaching a highest possible inlet temperature while maximizing power by adjusting the HTF flow. Since the inlet temperature is stable at around 370 Β°C, the charge power is also relatively stable. However, during charging the DT over the TES decreases, hence the mass-flow is adjusted accordingly. The TES is discharged with an inlet temperature controlled considering the TES outlet temperature reflecting the behavior of a steam generator in a typical CSP plant. Each module is charged/discharged to meet the designed 250 kWhth capacity. Figure 6 shows the measured net relative energy and power over four days of continuous operation, with approximately 7h:30m charging and 6h:00m discharging time. '; FIGURE 6. Calculated relative storage energy (black) and related power (blue) based on measured HTF mass flow and inlet/outlet temperatures for one 250 kWhth module over a period of four days. 080011-5PDF Image | EnergyNest thermal energy storage (TES) technology
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