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Energies 2022, 15, 1316 20 of 22 • A generalized model for predicting flow conditions and HTCs based on an arbitrary set of boundary conditions is still needed and could not be deduced from the experiments in this study alone. 5. Conclusions The conducted experiments showed that a transversal flow arrangement, where the horizontal flow direction of the sand is perpendicular to the tube axes, and helically finned tubes greatly increase the virtual HTC compared to other tube configurations. Narrower tube spacings seem to improve the HTC while the use of baffles deteriorates it. The achieved virtual gross HTC in the range of 1250 W/m2K at a degree of fluidization of about 4 allows the design and construction of compact, low-cost heat exchangers and is expected to further increase with higher operating temperatures. The analysis of the results and comparison to previously published work demonstrated that many of the currently available methods for predicting the heat transfer behavior in a fluidized bed deliver results with great variance, in particular when it comes to the dependence on operating temperature. This stresses the need for further research in the field. 6. Patents The intellectual property of the following patents was utilized and further devel- oped: HEAT STORE SYSTEM, WO 2012/027769 A2; GAS DISTRIBUTION DEVICE, WO 2015/172172 A4; FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR WITH HORIZONTAL DIRECTION, WO 2015/188214 Al. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.T.; methodology, S.T.; software, S.T.; validation, S.T. and P.S.; formal analysis, S.T. and P.S.; investigation, S.T.; resources, M.H.; data curation, S.T. and P.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.T.; writing—review and editing, M.H.; visualization, S.T.; supervision, M.H.; project administration, S.T. and M.H.; funding acquisition, M.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The information, data, or work presented in this paper was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-AR0000996. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. The APC was funded by TU Wien Bibliothek. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are openly available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5890230 (20 December 2021), Experimental Investigation of the Heat Transfer between Finned Tubes and a Bubbling Fluidized Bed with Horizontal Sand Mass Flow (data set). Software for data analysis is openly available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.55 00329 (20 December 2021), sthanhe/HeatTransfer: Round 3 Release (V1.0.3). Acknowledgments: Dominik Groicher and Fabian Bärnthaler collected data; Verena Sulzgruber, Lukas Pöppel and David Kerekes supported the engineering of test rigs; and Florian Heindl supported the methodology with simulations. Echogen Power Systems, the prime awardee of DE-AR0000996, supported this work with regard to project administration and funding acquisition. The authors acknowledge TU Wien Bibliothek for financial support for editing/proofreading and its Open Access Funding Programme. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.PDF Image | Heat Transfer between Finned Tubes
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