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There are many types of energy storage solutions available for the domestic sector, including several which are still at the research and development stage (H. Zhao, 2015), (Xi. Luo, 2015) (G.Strbac, 2012). From the large range of domestic storage technologies which are already available, sensible thermal energy storage is one of the most developed (Eames, 2014). The application of thermal energy storage solutions to facilitate the electrification of the heating sector is considered for this study. Different strategies for heat pumps and energy storage control range from customer- led, to automatic control in response to market conditions (D. Fischera, 2017). Customer control often leads to sub-optimal operation, resulting from socio-economic factors which are beyond the scope of this study. For example, a Carbon Trust study with heat pumps and time of use electricity tariffs in residential areas showed that people often switched on heating during peak periods, ignoring price incentives (Energy Saving Trust, 2013). Peak heating demand could potentially coincide with peak electricity demand and thereby non-optimal customer led storage control instead of reducing the overall peak in demand can either increase it or simply create another peak, causing the same challenge for market operation (Baringa, 2012). Moreover, the increasing share of time-variable renewable generators can increase the unpredictability and magnitude of peaks in electricity prices, since these typically depend on demand net of renewable generation. This makes it difficult for customers to optimally control storage operation in order to benefit from market conditions. Past experience with inefficient storage heating systems and associated tariffs (such as Economy 71) led to thermal discomfort and high levels of customer dissatisfaction with storage heating systems (IPSOS MORI, 2012). Poor control systems led to difficulty for customers in striking a balance between thermal comfort and economy. New generation DEH storage systems (Dimplex, 2015) claim to be more efficient and easier to control, but still require detailed analysis in operation. Taking these factors into account, the current study investigates one of the most efficient systems for heat electrification with integrated thermal storage currently available, which is controlled automatically in line with market conditions, and which does not compromise the thermal comfort of domestic users. Thermal storage is used to link heat demand with market operation and is optimised by an energy market model in accordance with power market requirements. This means that heat is delivered according to the existing customer requirements (i.e., no changes in heating demand profile are considered). 1 This provided relatively cheap electricity for seven hours overnight, during which a storage heater would draw power, offset by relatively more expensive power during the daytime hours. 4PDF Image | How heat pumps and thermal energy storage with wind power
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