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These studies were performed for typical UK/Irish distribution networks and were approved by several network operators as being representative of networks overall (C.K. Gan, et al., 2011), (B.E. Peter Richardson, 2012). Taking into account both policy goals and technical barriers therefore, a figure of 20% of domestic heat demand is assumed to be served by electrified heat for modelling purposes in this study. This figure reflects a technically achievable share of heat demand for heat pumps, given existing network capacity. 20% is probably unachievable using DEH in isolation, without making significant upgrades to the distribution network. It should therefore be borne in mind that electrification of heat through DEH alone would probably require additional grid investment. Decarbonisation of the energy sector in general, and heat electrification in particular, will require policy support. The scenarios created assume this will be provided, alongside strong support for the deployment of renewable energy, so assume that wind provides 52% of total energy demand in the SEM. The move to electric heating provides an opportunity to offset the variability in renewable generation via heat storage. There are many types of thermal energy storage: sensible thermal, phase-change materials and thermo-chemical energy storage (H. Zhang, 2016). The most widely used technology for domestic applications is sensible heat (hot water technologies), whilst phase-change materials and thermo-chemical storage are still at the early stage of their development (Eames, 2014). Therefore, sensible heat (hot water) energy storage is assumed for this study to accompany HP or DEH. Scenarios considering the impact of DEH and heat pumps without storage are investigated. In addition, thermal storage with the ability to supply 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours of domestic heat demand are used to create additional scenarios. An overview of these scenarios created is shown in table 3.1. 4. Methodology The Single Electricity Market (SEM) model is used to investigate the impact of heat electrification on a day ahead, gross pool market. The model was developed using Plexos for Power Systems software and optimised with the FICO Express-MP solver. Plexos is a commercial tool used by the Commission for Energy Regulation to model the Single Electricity Market, and is also used in academic research projects (V. Bianco, 2015), (Deane JP, O'Gallachoir BP., 2012), (Nsanzineza R., 2017). This section gives an overview of the SEM Plexos model, followed by the methodology for heat electrification and a description of its representation in the model. The latter consists of stages including analysis of future heat demand, heat electrification methodology and thermal storage modelling overview. 6PDF Image | How heat pumps and thermal energy storage with wind power
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