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and energy storage. Better wind power management will also allow wind farms to strengthen their position and receive a higher level of REFIT support. Heat electrification, however, requires significant investments. At the moment total average costs for an ASHP (capital costs with installation) varies between £6,000 and £10,000 per house (Frontier Economics, ElementEnergy, 2013). If we assume a 10% reduction in the future capital costs of ASHP due to technology improvements, installations will still require between €431 and €718 M/year, or €764 – €1273 yearly per household to achieve 20% penetration of HP in the domestic heating sector (calculations are made assuming a social discount factor of 3.5% and a 10-year economic life), (table 6.2). In order to motivate customers to install heat pumps appropriate supporting mechanisms need to be developed. Thermal energy storage system costs vary considerably depending on the technology applied, operating temperature number of cycles. The cheapest form of thermal energy storage is sensible (hot water) storage. Its capital costs vary between 0.1 – 10 €/kW (IEA, IRENA, ETSAP, 2013), requiring an investment of up to €6.5 M per annum. Simulation results show that ES systems can save €14 – €16 M per annum for the HP group of scenarios (table 6.1), which means that the profits from price arbitrage are enough to cover the capital costs of sensible storage. However, limited space in a typical house in Ireland will potentially require other forms of storage to be considered. In order to install an energy storage system which can deliver 1 h of average household peak demand, a tank with the total volume of circa 870 litres is required. Community energy storage or phase-change materials could provide a solution. Phase-change materials or thermo-chemical technologies might offer energy storage solutions with considerably lower volume and space requirements and higher efficiency. However, capital costs are currently significant. Capital costs for PCM storage is in the region of 10 – 50 €/kWh, while capital costs for thermo-chemical storage ranges from 8 – 100 €/kWh (IEA, IRENA, ETSAP, 2013), (Glatzmaier, 2011). Significant progress in technology development and cost reductions are therefore necessary. It is difficult to compare the costs of HP electrification with alternatives such as gas heating. The capital cost of a new gas boiler ranges from £500 to £2500, with an additional £500 - £1000 required for installation, and around £200 per year for maintenance (DETINI, 2011). This is significantly lower than the capital cost of a heat pump. However, as mentioned, the gas network is relatively poorly developed on the island of Ireland. It is estimated that in total £ 75 M is needed to extend the network to the west and north-west of Northern Ireland, and between £26 and £86 M to connect a further 7,658 to 31,387 customers (DETINI, 2011). It is anticipated that extending the gas network to other regions will be even more expensive. Therefore if the total costs needed to extend the gas network to new customers (DETINI, 2010), (approximated to 20% share of households in the market) are compared with the costs required to install HPs, these are found to be similar in magnitude (table 6.2) with HP costs even lower than gas extension costs. 12PDF Image | How heat pumps and thermal energy storage with wind power
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