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Energies 2022, 15, 6331 7 of 33 It is worth noting that the main components used in the developed simulation are based on the manufacturer’s characteristic curves and technical and scientific literature. The wind turbine model, as well as the adsorption chiller used in the simulation, are defined on the basis of the real performance of the devices as a function of the current operating conditions. The model of the photovoltaic field takes into consideration the effect of temperature on the efficiency of the modules, with validation reported in Ref. [37]. The model of the reverse osmosis was also adopted from the literature [38]. The mass flux Md of feed water was calculated as the following equation: Md =RR·Mf (1) where Mf is feedwater mass flux. It should be noted that the recovery ratio RR value is an experimentally determined value and is most often provided by the manufacturer of the membrane. The salinity of the produced freshwater Xd can be defined as the relationship between the salinity of the feed water Xf and the percentage of salt excretion SR, which is also usually sourced from the manufacturer. Xd =Xf ·(1−SR) (2) The brine mass flux Mb is the difference between the feed Mf and desalinated water flux Md: To calculate the concentration of excreted brine Xb, the following equation was used: Mb = Mf − Md (3) M ·X −(M ·X ) ff dd Xb = M (4) b The averaged value of salt concentration Xa can be described by the formula: M ·X −(M ·X ) ff bb Xa = M A temperature correction factor TCF can be determined for subsequent calculations. To calculate TCF, the following equation was used: 1 1 TCF=exp 2700× 273+T−298 (6) The most important parameter describing the modeled semi-permeable membrane is its water permeability. It is described by the water permeability factor kw, and it is calculated on the basis of the following equation: kw = 6.84 × 10−8 × (18.6865 − (0.177·Xb)) (7) (T + 273) The salt permeability index ks was calculated using another empirical parameter called the sedimentation coefficient FF: ks = FF·TCF·4.72×10−7 ×0.06201−5.31×10−5 ×(T+273) (8) The reverse osmosis process requires knowledge of the parameter describing each semi-permeable membrane—the osmotic pressure II. By definition, this value can be determined on the basis of the equation: b (5) Π=i·M·R·T (9)PDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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