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Energies 2022, 15, 6331 10 of 33 • • • • • • Tank, TK2, a variable level tank used to store the freshwater produced by RO; Tank, TK3, a stratified thermal storage unit equipped with an internal heat exchanger and producing DHW; Auxiliary heat exchanger, AHX, used to dissipate excess energy; Auxiliary boiler, AUX, consisting of a biomass unit producing thermal energy on demand; Adsorption chiller, ACH, composed of a zeolite matrix-based unit, producing chilled water from heat; Dry cooler, DC, used to dissipate the thermal power rejected by AHX and ACH. Furthermore, the layout of the system also includes plant equipment, e.g., circulation pumps (P), flow diverters (D), and mixers (M), adopted to ensure proper circulation of the flows in the system. The developed hybrid polygeneration system operates on the basis of a well-defined control strategy, as described below. The heat produced by BOIL is transferred to water in order to achieve oversaturated steam at a pressure of 10 bars and 220 ◦C. The produced steam is expanded in ST and condensed by the COND to a temperature of 75 ◦C. The condensed steam is then supplied to P1, allowing to set the cycle maximum pressure. The heat rejected by the condenser, COND, is supplied to the thermal storage tank TK1 by means of pump P2. It is worth noting that in the loop between the condenser and the tank, the auxiliary heat exchanger, AHX, operates in order to ensure a returning temperature to the condenser not exceeding the limit of 65 ◦C. Thus, when the bottom temperature of tank TK1 increases over this limit, water returning to the condenser is cooled down to keep a proper process of condensing. The heat stored in TK1 during the heating period is supplied to the user in order to match the heating load, while during the cooling season the heat is used to drive the adsorption chiller. The hot water pumped by pump P6 is supplied to the hydronic distribution system of the user buildings and then returns back to TK1 cooled down due to the heat withdrawal for space heating. For cooling purposes, the hot water is supplied by pump P8 to the generator of the adsorption chiller, ACH, then the evaporator of the chiller produces chilled water at a set point temperature of 10 ◦C. In this way, cold water supplied to the user conditioning system by pump P9 allows the system to match the space cooling demand. Furthermore, the heat stored in TK1 is also supplied by pump P5 to the internal heat exchanger of tank TK3 for the production of DHW. Pump P5 is always activated with scope to keep the temperature in the top part of TK3 similar to the one in TK1, which is a temperature level that allows to match the DHW demand of the user at 45 ◦C. The steam turbine, ST, system operates on the basis of a control strategy following the thermal load of the user. In particular, pump P1 varies linearly the flow rate of condensed water as a function of the temperature inside TK1 in the range between 30 and 100% of the nominal value. For a temperature of 60 ◦C inside TK1, the mass flowrate of water is set to 100% of the nominal value while for 65 ◦C the flowrate drops to 30%. The variation of P1 pump load, as well as of boiler, BOIL, and steam turbine, ST, is assumed to be linear in the described temperature operation range. Moreover, the system is also equipped with an auxiliary boiler, AUX, which is activated once the temperature of TK1 drops below 60 ◦C in order to maintain a proper operation temperature of the space heating system and of the adsorption chiller thermal cooling cycle. This may seldomly occur as a consequence of high demand for heat of the space conditioning system or high DHW demand. The activation of the auxiliary heater, AUX, persists until TK1 reaches a temperature of 63 ◦C. From the point of view of freshwater production, the pump integrated with the desalination system provides seawater from an onshore intake to the reverse osmosis unit, RO. The device is activated when the water level inside tank TK2 drops to 50% due to DHW demand and it is turned off when a storage level of 100% is reached. The freshwater inside TK2 is supplied to TK3 according to the usage of DHW of the user. The electrical energy produced by steam turbine, ST; wind turbine, WT; and pho- tovoltaic field, PV, is supplied in the first place to the user by means of a conversion- distribution busbar, and an eventual excess is used to charge the battery system. In casePDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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