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Energies 2022, 15, 6331 13 of 33 Finally, in order to determine the total cost of the system, the costs of all devices have been summed up and increased by 10% in order to take into account other balance of plant costs, such as the ones for pumps, connections, control system, etc. The assessment of operation cost for the PS and RS configurations has been performed using tariffs for energy and their vectors. For the purposes of the proposed study, the tariffs for Italy were taken into account. The price of LPG was set at 706.24 EUR/m3 on the basis of yearly average monthly values for the 2021 year [50]. The density of 505 kg/m3 and the lower heating value of 12.84 kWh/kg of LPG were taken from [51]. The cost of natural gas was set to 0.1005 EUR/kWh according to data reported by Eurostat for the second half of 2021 [52]. For electrical energy, a constant tariff of 0.236 EUR/kWh for buying energy was adopted [53], while for sold energy, the tariff was set to 0.12546 EUR/kWh according to the yearly mean market price for 2021 [54]. The freshwater cost of 0.7 EUR/m3 was taken from a literature study dealing with a case study similar to the one investigated in this paper [55]. In addition to the two configurations of the PS, two assumptions have been adopted for the biomass cost in order to estimate the operation cost of the polygeneration system. In the base case, the cost of biomass has been set to zero assuming that the system uses local and free residual biomass, while for comparison, it was assumed a scenario, namely, BIO, in which the biomass must be purchased on the market. In this case, the wood chip biomass cost was fixed to 0.06 EUR/kg with a lower heating value of 3.7 kWh/kg [44]. Therefore, the operation costs of the PS in IS and GRID configuration was assessed in the case of basic and BIO scenario. Moreover, in order to consider the cost of maintenance of the PS in each configuration, a yearly cost of 2% of the total cost of the system has been included in the operational expenditures. On the basis of the assumed cost of operation for all the systems variants, the savings of the PS with respect to the RS in the four different configurations and under two biomass cost assumptions was determined. Thus, in total, eight different scenarios were investigated. Finally, the comparison of the economic performance of the hybrid polygeneration system under such scenarios was carried out by introducing a simple economic index—the simple payback time, defined as the ratio between the cost of the system and achievable savings in the considered scenarios. 3.3. Case Study The case study was developed for the purposes of testing the system in simulated real world conditions, and it consists of a group of 10 single-family households with heating, cooling, and electrical loads as well as freshwater and DWH demand. The location of the system has been set to the island of Pantelleria, Italy, in order to simulate a user with a possible remote/island condition. In the developed case study, each of the 10 buildings presents the same geometrical properties and characteristics of envelope and user usage. In detail, the building consists of a 100 m2 household with a sloped roof with one floor and an attic. The height of the house floor was 2.7 m. The detailed geometrical parameters of the building are shown in Figure 3. This building has been used in other papers of the authors in order to simulate the space cooling and heating demand of the user [44]. The details of the thermal transmittances of the building envelope elements and those regarding the internal thermal loads are reported in [44], thus, are here omitted for the sake of brevity. The adopted building model was developed with TRNSYS3d plug-in integrated with the Google SketchUp tool, and it was imported to TRNSYS software environment where details regarding envelopes and loads were set using the TRNBuild tool [34]. The operation of the space heating and cooling system was set for all the year without any period of scheduling regarding winter or summer; thus, the thermal load determined by the simulation of the building was only affected by the required thermal comfort levels of the users. Indeed, a 24 h/24 h operation schedule was set for heating and cooling of the building, with the assumption that the indoor air temperature in the rooms of the buildingsPDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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