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Energies 2022, 15, 6331 28 of 33 since it produces only 2.87 MWh, being significantly lower than the other electrical energy generators. Therefore, the proposed system is solid in providing renewable electrical energy to the user with a limited use of fossil origin fuels for matching the load. Conversely, higher amounts of energy are managed by the energy storage BAT energy during the yearly operation. In fact, with a utilization of 6.54 MWh, the battery absorbs 11.7% of the energy produced by renewables, while it returns to the user a slightly lower amount due to the charging losses occurring in the energy exchange process. The variability of both the electrical load and production over the year causes a significant production of energy in excess which is unused. In fact, dumped energy (DUMP) accounts for 27.7% of the total yield from renewable energy sources. This negative result of the operation of the system is unavoidable in order to limit the activation of the auxiliary generator system but could be limited with a different combination of the capacities of the steam turbine, ST; wind turbine, WT; and photovoltaic field, PV, along with the battery system, BAT. As regards the demand of the system and user for electrical energy, the share of consumption of both the system auxiliaries and the reverse osmosis unit, RO, is about three times lower than the user intrinsic demand. Thus, the addition of the polygeneration system does not substantially affect the final demand of energy of the system user. The performance parameters of the system components are presented in Table 6. The efficiency of the steam turbine, ST, due to assumptions on the thermodynamic cycle is relatively low (10.6%), nevertheless its operation allows one to achieve a satisfactory normalized equivalent number of operation hours of more than 0.35. This points out that despite a thermal load following strategy of the steam turbine, the production of electrical energy reaches a decent level with respect to the maximum potential at nominal power. A similar result is also achieved by the wind turbine, WT, with a normalized equivalent time of operation above 0.37, while for the generator set, GSET, this parameter drops to 0.022, and it underlines once again the rare activation of the auxiliary component. For both the photovoltaic field, PV, and the adsorption chiller, ACH, the performance achieved is lower than the nominal one due to their operating temperature. For the PV during summer, the modules operate at a temperature higher than the reference one, while for the ACH, the chilled water set point temperature (10 ◦C) is lower than the one provided by the manufacturer at nominal conditions. The performance of the system from the standpoint of view of primary energy and economics is reported in Table 7. Analyzing the scenarios investigated, it can be clearly noticed that the best PES is achieved by the combination of a proposed system connected with the grid PS-GRID (without GSET) and a reference system running on a GSET (namely RS-GSET), followed by the islanded variant (PS-IS) coupled with the previous reference system (RS-GSET). This is obtained because the RS systems using LPG are characterized by a high primary energy consumption due to the use of fossil fuels. In terms of PESr, the islanded configuration of the system (PS-IS) allows one to achieve a very high saving of primary energy with respect to reference systems in both islanded (RS- GSET) and grid-connected (RS-GRID) configurations since it is above 90%. It is interesting to note that the PESr is above the unit for the other two combinations of PS connected to the grid (PS-GRID) independently from the assumed reference system. Such a result is given by the supply of electrical energy produced in excess by the system to the grid, and this energy is free of primary energy consumption being produced by renewables. The lower value of PESr in the case of the PS-GRID and RS-GSET combination with respect to the one with RS-GRID is only due to the fact that the primary energy consumption of RS-GEST is higher than in the case of RS-GRID. Thus, the effect of supplying renewable energy to the grid is marginally lower. The operation cost for the investigated PS and RS systems depends substantially on the configuration considered. The lowest cost of operation for the PS is achieved in the scenario where the system is grid-connected, as the possibility to sell the electrical energy in excess to the grid allows one to cut the yearly bill of the proposed system. In fact, the operationPDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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