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Energies 2022, 15, 6331 30 of 33 - - - - - - - produced in the first three months of the year is only less than 2% higher than the one in the summer months (June–August); the stabilization of the monthly thermal load of the system by DHW demand is scarce; indeed, DHW demand accounts for a share between 16.3 and 23.9% of the thermal energy produced by the cycle; the steam turbine produces energy in the range of 1.1 and 1.64 MWh per month (variation of 34%); higher variation of the energy yield is observable for the photo- voltaic field with an oscillation of 55% between winter’s worst and summer’s best month, while for the wind turbine, the variation of energy production is smaller, being only 37%; due to characteristics of the user demand, thermal load strategy adopted, and avail- ability of solar and wind energy, the system is subject to a significant ineffectiveness from the point of view of the utilization of produced electrical energy; in fact, the energy dumped monthly varies between 0.75 and 2.00 MWh; the contribution in energy production throughout the months is highest in the case of a wind turbine, whose utilization factor oscillates between 0.474 and 0.640, followed by the steam turbine with a contribution in the range of 0.203 and 0.328. For the generator set, the energy generated accounts for between 0.022 and 0.086 of the energy totally produced; on yearly basis, the generated renewable electrical energy is 39.1% higher than the one consumed by the system auxiliaries, reverse osmosis, and the user, while the dumped energy accounts for 27.7% of the total yield from renewable energy sources; the islanded configuration of the proposed system allows one to achieve a saving of primary energy above 90% with respect to reference systems in both islanded and grid-connected configurations since it is above 90%. The saving is above 100% for the combinations of a proposed system connected to the grid independently from the assumed reference system. Such a result is given by the supply of renewable electrical energy produced in excess by the system to the grid; the grid connection allows one to avoid the cost of the generator set and to achieve a simple payback meanly 1.83 years lower with respect to the islanded scenarios. However, even if the system works in islanded mode, a simple payback time of 10 years is achievable in the majority of the scenarios. Higher times of capital recovery are achieved in the case of biomass bought on the market since this case is charac- terized by a capital recovery from 1.30 to 3.05 years higher with respect to the free biomass scenario. The presented results allow one to conclude that it is possible to develop an energy system allowing to satisfy user needs in the field of electric energy, thermal energy including cooling needs and domestic hot water, and freshwater production. Economic analysis shows that depending on the analyzed scenario, it is possible to achieve a payback period in a range from 5.67 to 12.20 years, which proves profitability. The investigations performed are the basis for further developments of the study, where a complex analysis of the proposed system by means of parametric/sensitivity and optimization approach is the next step. Future investigations will also include considering subsidies policy and load profiles adapted to other types of users. Including long-term energy storage based on hydrogen and its impact on the energy safety of the community will also be considered in further research. AuthorContributions:Conceptualization,R.F.,M.Z ̇.,M.H.andA.P.;methodology,R.F.,M.H.and A.P.; software, R.F.; validation, R.F., M.H. and A.P.; formal analysis, R.F.; investigation, R.F., M.H. and A.P.;resources,R.F.andM.Z ̇.;datacuration,R.F.andM.Z ̇.;writing—originaldraftpreparation,R.F., M.H.andA.P.;writing—reviewandediting,R.F.andM.Z ̇.;visualization,R.F.andM.Z ̇.;supervision, R.F.andM.Z ̇.;projectadministration,R.F.Allauthorshavereadandagreedtothepublishedversion of the manuscript.PDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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