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Introduction to thermal energy storage (TES) systems 7 Table 1.5 Properties of materials used in CSP plants l (W/m·K) Cp (J/kg · K) r (kg/m3) Cost (7/kg) 7/(KW1 ·h1) ∆T = 100°C Molten salt 0.15–2.0 1,500 900–2,600 0.63 14 Cofalite 1.4–2.1 800–1,034 3,120 0.01 0.4 Castable ceramics 1.35 866 3,500 4.50 188 High temperature concrete 1 916 2,750 0.08 3 Source: [6] Table 1.6 Typical materials used in latent heat TES storage Material Melting temperature (oC) Melting enthalpy (MJ/m3) Water-salt solutions W ater Clathrates Paraffins Salt hydrates Sugar alcohols Nitrates Hydroxides Chlorides Carbonates Fluorides –100–0 0 –50–0 –20–100 –20–80 20–450 120–300 150–400 350–750 400–800 700–900 200–300 330 200–300 150–250 200–600 200–450 200–700 500–700 550–800 600–1,000 > 1,000 Source: [1] The amount of heat stored is calculated following Eq. [1.2]: Q = m · Dh [1.2] where Q is the amount of heat stored in the material (J), m is the mas of storage material (kg), and Dh is the phase change enthalpy (J/kg). The best known and used PCM is water, used as ice for cold storage since early times. Table 1.6 shows the typical range of melting enthalpy and temperature of common material classes used as PCM. Many materials have been studied as PCM, but only a few of them have been commercialized [1,3,8], mainly due to problems such as phase separation, subcooling, corrosion, long-term stability, and low heat conductivity, that have not yet been totally solved. Usually PCM are selected based on the appropriate melting enthalpy and temperature, availability and cost. 1.2.3 Thermochemical energy storage Thermochemical energy storage is produced when a chemical reaction with high energy involved in the reaction is used to store energy. The products of the reactionPDF Image | Introduction to thermal energy storage TES systems
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