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8 Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems should be able to be stored and the heat stored separately during the reaction should be able to be retrieved when the reverse reaction takes place [1]. Therefore, only reversible reactions can be used for this storage process. Thermochemical energy storage is divided between chemical reactions and sorption systems. In chemical reactions, high energy storage density and reversibility is required of the materials [9]. Usually chemical energy conversion has better energy storage performance efficiency than physical methods (sensible and latent heat storage). The most important challenge is to find the appropriate reversible chemical reaction for the energy source used. Thermochemical reactions are used as TCM at high temperatures (more than 400°C) and the enthalpy of the reaction is located in a high range (80–180 kJ/mol). In addition, since the products of the reaction must be store separately, the systems that use TCM to store energy can be applied as seasonal storage systems [10]. The main drawbacks in solid–gas chemical reactions are the poor heat and mass transfer performance in the reactive bed and the low thermodynamic efficiency of the basic cycle [11]. On the other hand, Cot-Gores et al. [11] summarized the substances used as TCM taking into account cooling or evaporating temperature (Tc), the heat sink or condensing temperature (Tm), and heat source temperature (Th). The main reactions studied for use in storage media hydration reactions are the carbonation reaction, ammonia decomposition, metal oxidation reactions and sulfur cycles [12,13]. Moreover, adsorption on solid materials or absorption on liquids is used in sorption systems [14]. Adsorption means binding a gas or liquid on the inner surface of a porous material. Heat is put into the material during the desorption step, removing the adsorbed components from the surface. As soon as the adsorption starts, heat is released, this being the discharging process of the storage cycle. There are two types of sorption systems: closed and open storage systems. In a closed sorption system, the heat is transferred to and from the adsorbent by a heat exchanger, usually called the condenser/evaporator. The heat has to be transported to the absorber at the same time as it is extracted from the condenser to keep the HTF, usually water, flowing from the adsorber to the condenser. The energy density is lower than in open sorption systems because the adsorptive fluid is part of the storage system and also has to be stored. In the case of using zeolite or silica gel as adsorbent, this can be up to 30–40% of the weight of the storage material. On the other hand, the advantages of closed systems include being able to reach higher output temperature for heating operations compared to open systems, being able to supply lower temperatures for cooling, and being able to produce ice in the evaporator. In an open sorption storage system, air transports water vapour and heat in and out of the adsorbents. In the desorption process, hot air desorbs the water from the adsorbent, leaving the system cooler and saturated. In the adsorption process, humidified cool air enters the adsorbent, which adsorbs the water vapour and releases heat; the air leaves the storage warm and dry. The most common adsorbents are zeolites and silica gels. For the characterization of these storage materials the most important criteria are the possible temperature lift, the breakthrough curves, the thermal coefficient of performance, and the energy density referring to the volume of the absorbent (Figure 1.5).PDF Image | Introduction to thermal energy storage TES systems
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