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Introduction to thermal energy storage (TES) systems 9 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Zeolite Silica gel 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time [h] Figure 1.5 Thermal breakthrough curves (adsorption) of zeolite and silica gel [14]. 1.2.4 Comparison of TES types A comparison of the different thermal energy storage technologies for solar space heating and hot water production applications is presented in Table 1.7. In addition, a schematic comparison of volumetric storage capacities is shown in Figure 1.6 [15]. Water is chosen as representative of sensible storage materials. The colored regions framing PCMs respectively TCMs should not be regarded as strict limits, but rather as an illustration of the overall trend; in fact, there are a lot more PCMs and TCMs, also at higher temperatures [12,13]. According to Hauer [16], several reductions of the storage capacity during operation may occur, such as sensible heat losses, losses connected with power output (i.e. heat exchanger, reactor, and auxiliary units), and in the case of TCM losses due to reaction kinetics and the Carnot efficiency. Losses by factors of 2–3 and 5–6 in storage capacity seems possible when comparing PCM with TCM, respectively. It should be highlighted that indicating the storage capacity with a single point in this diagram suggests that a material has an intrinsic storage capacity. However, storage capacity is neither a state variable nor a material property. It is a process variable and depends strongly on the (operating) conditions given by the application. For sensible and latent heat storage, the lower and upper temperature limits determine the maximum storage capacity. In the case of thermochemical heat storage, e.g. using water and zeolite as the working couple, the maximum capacity is determined not only by the adsorption and desorption temperatures, but is also affected by the humidity of the air. However, these maximum storage capacities are not accessible in real storage systems. Temperature [°C]PDF Image | Introduction to thermal energy storage TES systems
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