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Introduction to thermal energy storage (TES) systems 13 1.3.2 Water storage Water storage is mainly used in domestic hot water systems (DHW) and in water pits. Sizes of TES vary from standard, cylindrical 270 L tanks which are produced in large quantities in North America, to various larger sizes (in excess of 10,000 L) and geometries. Larger storage tanks are typically used in seasonal storage applications or for large multi-unit residential buildings where large storage capacities are required to meet the heating demands of several occupants. An example of recent research on DHW solar tanks was carried out by Dickinson et al. [19]. The research efforts are directed at improving the effectiveness of the design of solar DHW tanks. An important aspect related to the performance of a TES is maintaining a high degree of thermal stratification. Following this approach, Dickinson et al. [19] studied the approach using interconnected small tanks as novel configurations for modular solar DHW systems. In studies conducted by Cruickshank and Harrison [20, 21], a multi-tank system was considered which consisted of three standard 270 L hot water storage tanks, each equipped with an external, side-arm natural convection heat exchanger. The system could be charged or discharged in either a series or parallel configuration. Constant temperature charge tests were conducted for a number of charge temperatures ranging from 20°C to 80°C, and charge flow rates ranging from 0.9 L/min to 1.5 L/min. The results showed that sequential stratification was achieved in the series charge configuration, while the tanks charged simultaneously in the parallel charge configuration. Variable input power charge conditions were also investigated, where the effects of charging with two consecutive clear days or combinations of a clear and overcast day were examined. Night-time periods and discharging were not considered as part of the study. Each day consisted of a 10-h charge profile approximated by a sine function, where clear days provided a maximum input of 3 kW to the system, and overcast days provided a maximum input of 1.5 kW to the system. Tests were conducted at flow rates ranging from 1.2 L/min to 4.5 L/min. Results showed that the series-connected charge configuration reached high levels of temperature stratification during periods of rising charge temperatures, and limited destratification during periods of falling charge temperatures. Additionally, the study found that at high charge flow rates (4.5 L/min), the temperature distribution in the series configuration was similar to that of the parallel configuration. Furthermore, at high flow rates in the series configuration and in the parallel configuration, falling charge-loop temperatures resulted in more mixing and destratification compared to the series configuration at low flow rates. This work was later expanded upon by Dickinson et al. [19, 22], where constant temperature charging and constant volume hourly discharge tests were explored. Three plumbing configurations were investigated: series charge and series discharge, parallel charge and parallel discharge, and series charge and parallel discharge. Schematics of the system in both the series charge and series discharge configuration as well as the parallel charge and parallel discharge configuration are shown in Figures 1.9 and 1.10, respectively.PDF Image | Introduction to thermal energy storage TES systems
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