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20 Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems any type of energy storage. The energy savings simply refer to the ‘heat’ or ‘cold’ that is stored and may be reutilized, thus not needing to be generated ‘again’ by the application. The CO2 emissions reduction is that achieved as a result of reusing stored energy, therefore not consuming fossil fuels or other greenhouse gas emitting energy sources during energy generation and thus preventing emissions from going into the atmosphere. Global TES potential results are shown in Table 1.1; these include industrial and building applications. The obtained values broken down by sector and system are shown in Table 1.2. Within Annex 25 ‘Surplus Heat Management using Advanced TES for CO2 Mitigation’ of the Energy Conservation through Energy Storage Implementing Agreement (ECES IA) of the International Energy Agency, a new attempt to ascertain the CO2 mitigation potential of thermal energy storage was carried out between 2011 and 2013 [15,24]. Different applications were evaluated from literature or our own data. The applications studied are described in the following subsections. 1.4.1 Refrigeration applications A model to estimate the potential impact when using TES for cold production in Spain and Europe from literature data was developed by Oró et al. [25]. The domestic sector, commercial sector, cold in road transport and cold in industry were analysed. The total energy demand for cold applications in Spain and in Europe was calculated, and after that the energy reduction and therefore CO2 emissions mitigation was determined assuming a full implementation of the PCM TES systems (Figure 1.16). The industry sector showed the highest mitigation potential of all sectors analysed, accounting for more than 4,600 GWh/year. In Spain, yearly CO2 emissions may be cut from 5% to 23% in reference to 2008 emissions levels for cold production depending on the scenario studied. Related to 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Domestic sector Commercial sector Cold in road transport Cold in industry Low scenario High scenario Figure 1.16 Potential energy reduction in cold applications using different scenarios [25]. Potential energy savings [%]PDF Image | Introduction to thermal energy storage TES systems
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