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Introduction to thermal energy storage (TES) systems 21 Table 1.8 CO2 emissions (kg) in a 1 MW output CSP plant with and without TES V ariable Fuel considered System without TES System with TES Supplemental fuel required (MWh) – 12.58 7.18 CO2 emissions (kg CO2) Coal (25.8–29.1 tC/TJ) 1.17–1.32 0.67–0.75 Natural gas (15.3 tC/TJ) 0.69 0.40 Oil (16.8–27.5 tC/TJ) 0.76–1.25 0.43–0.71 Europe CO2 emissions mitigation, those values become 5% and 22%, respectively. However, it is not just about minimizing CO2 emissions or potential savings; PCM integration also improves the quality of the refrigeration. Even though on an overall level the impact of the implementation of PCM TES systems is barely 1% compared to the total CO2 emissions in 2008 in Europe, it could be much more important than it seems [26]. 1.4.2 Solar power plants Powell and Edgar [27] carried out a dynamic simulation for a TES unit used in a parabolic trough CSP system. According to these authors, adding a storage system increases the solar share of the power plant by as much as 47% for a base load thermal power output of 1 MW, reducing the supplementary fuel requirement by as much as 43%. From results presented by Powell and Edgar [27], the mitigation of CO2 emissions in a CSP plant when TES is implemented can be calculated as a function of the fuel used for hybridation (Table 1.8). Since the supplementary fuel requirement is reduced by 43%, the CO2 emissions are also reduced 43%. 1.4.3 Mobile heat storage for industrial waste heat recovery Two cases were presented, one from Germany [28] and another from Sweden [29], both based on the concept presented in Figure 1.17. The concept requires that the heat can be stored in a material with a high energy density, i.e. a large amount of heat per unit of weight and volume. The study from Germany indicated that in a given industry plant, energy saving of gas would account for 2.62 MWh, which would be translated into 437 kg CO2 mitigation by containment of the heat used. In a country like Germany this would mean around 4,000–40,000 tonnes of CO2 per year. Similarly, the transport of excess heat from a large-scale biomass-based combined heat and power plant to local smaller ‘boiler-based’ utilities has been studied for the Swedish District Energy System. Here, the market results showed that smaller cities (between 200 and 10,000 inhabitants) with district heat already in place, to a largePDF Image | Introduction to thermal energy storage TES systems
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