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24 Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems Table 1.10 Physical properties of PCM used in Puigverd de Lleida (Spain) Property RT-27 SP-25 A8 Melting point (°C) 28 26 Congealing point (°C) 26 25 Heat storage capacity (kJ/kg) 179 180 Density (kg/L) Solid Liquid 0.87 0.75 1.38 Specific heat capacity (kJ/kg·K) Solid Liquid 1.8 2.4 2.5 Heat conductivity (W/m·K) 0.2 0.6 Source: [30] Total annual electrical energy conservation introduced by the ATES system was 118 MWh. Considering the electricity produced with coal, this would mean 113 tonne/ year of CO2 mitigation. 1.5 Conclusions Thermal energy storage (TES) systems can store heat or cold to be used later, under different conditions such as temperature, place or power. Implementing storage in an energy system provides benefits like better economics, reduction of pollution and CO2 emissions, better performance and efficiency and better reliability. When designing TES systems, several requirements should be considered: high energy density in the storage material, good heat transfer between the heat transfer fluid and the storage material, mechanical stability, chemical stability, storage material and container compatibility, reversibility, low thermal losses, and easy control. TES systems are divided into three types: sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical. Although each application requires a specific study for selecting the best material, clues for each TES system are presented in this chapter. ∑ Sensible heat storage: Sensible materials are generally solids and liquids. The ability to store sensible heat for a given material strongly depends on the value of its energy density (r·cp). Thus, high density and heat capacity values are desired. High volumetric thermal capacity, good thermal conductivity, and price are also important when selecting a material. ∑ Latent heat storage: Materials used are called phase change materials (PCM). Although many materials have been studied as PCM, only few of them have been commercialized. Problems like phase separation, subcooling, corrosion, long-term stability, and low heat conductivity have been observed. The research community has a big challenge here. When selecting a PCM, appropriate melting enthalpy and temperature, availability and cost are the parameters considered.PDF Image | Introduction to thermal energy storage TES systems
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