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M.M. Kenisarin, et al. Journal of Energy Storage 27 (2020) 101082 pcm shell in m Fig. 30. Variations of the molten fraction measured with the use of all three samples [78]. numerical simulation results were approximated by the following cor- relation for the molten fraction: 0.33 0.27 0.37 0.72 0.02 1.8 MF = 1 1 FoSte GrR Pr , 9.5 (22) whereχ==1−k /k ;ξ==T /T . Eq. (22) is valid for the range of parameters used in simulations: 0.048≤Ste≤0.145;1.32×104 ≤Gr≤4.21×105; 8.90 ≤ Pr ≤ 35.0; 0.6709 ≤ χ ≤ 0.9945; 0.00259 ≤ ξ ≤ 0.0259. Li et al. [40] conducted the experimental study of melting and so- lidification processes of the paraffin with melting interval 45.8 - 50.3 °C and paraffin-aluminum composition with 1 and 2 wt.% of aluminum powder. The experimental setup consists of two isothermal water baths, a spherical glass 100 mm in diameter filled with tested material. Five thermocouples placed along the centreline of the sphere are served for temperature control. Experiments demonstrated that the PCM in the upper part of the sphere melts faster than that in the lower part. Adding aluminum powder can accelerate the heat transfer of the PCM inside a sphere during melting and solidification processes. Fan et al. [80] published results of the comprehensive experimental study on unconstrained melting of a nano-enhanced PCM. Pure 1- Fig. 31. The experimental images matched with simulated density contours [80]. dodecanol with the melting point of approximately 22 °C and its blends with 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.% expanded graphite nanosheets were used as the PCM. The specific heat, heat of fusion, melting point, thermal conductivity, density, viscosity was measured for both solid and liquid states. The spherical container was made of stainless steel with the inner diameter and the wall thickness of 48.5 mm and 0.75 mm, re- spectively. To quantify the value of molten fraction in a transient pro- cess, a transparent, straight glass tube with an inner diameter of 5 mm and a height of 300 mm was connected to the top of the spherical container. This calibrated glass was used to measure the expansion volume and to monitor the variation of molten fraction in time. Before performing melting experiments with various nano-enhanced PCM samples, experimental data for pure PCM was validated against Eq. (15), reported by Assis et al. [71]. Generally, good consistency was observed with the correlation, suggested in [71], with the maximum deviation being below 20%. Based on such a comparison, it was con- cluded that the measured results for molten fraction are also correct. Fig. 34 demonstrates the variations of molten fraction, produced using data in [80]. As a result, the following correlation for determination of the molten mass fraction was suggested: MF = 1.102 1.101exp FoSte0.33Gr 0.1 . 0.129 (23) 15 The range of parameters, for which the correlation (23) is valid, were not identified. Hariharan et al. [81] carried out the computational and experi- mental study of melting and solidification behaviour of the paraffin PCM with the melting point of 61–63 °C, encapsulated in a stainless- steel spherical container. The numerical simulations were performed for a sphere with a diameter of 88 mm using commercial modeling software ANSYS ICEM CFD. It was anticipated that the role of natural convection in both melting and freezing processes would be insignif- icant. The experimental investigations were performed in the cylind- rical chamber, which contained the spherical shell with PCM. The flow of hot and cold air with temperature of 75 and 36 °C, respectively, was used as the heat transfer fluid for melting and solidification of PCM. The CFD analysis showed that the time required for solidification and melting is longer by 33 and 30%, respectively, compared to the re- spective experimental results. The other conclusion from this study was that the solidification rate is higher than the melting rate.PDF Image | Journal of Energy Storage 27
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