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single new mechanical system. The savings on energy costs is expected to approach $1 million by 1997. Sonoma County Cuts Utility Bill Sonoma County, California, has enjoyed this kind of cost savings since 1989, when it began operating a 650,000-gallon (2,457,000-liter) chilled-water storage system at its nine-building Sonoma County Administration Center in Santa Rosa. Previously, each building had its own chiller, with a total cooling capacity of about 1200 tons (4220 kilowatt-hours). (A “ton” of cooling is 12,000 Btu [3.52 kilowatts] per hour of useful heat removal— the cooling that would be provided by 1 ton [0.9 metric ton] of ice melt- ing at 32°F [0°C] in 24 hours. The term is a carryover from the days when ice was used for cooling.) Now the nine buildings are cooled from a central mechanical plant with a capacity of only 780 tons (2743 kilowatt-hours). This central plant achieves greater efficiency by running closer to optimum capacity. Sonoma County’s chilled-water storage system cut the Administra- tion Center’s utility bill in half and earned a $250,000 rebate from the local utility. The new system also saved an estimated $8,000 a year in maintenance costs because it needs about half as much chiller capacity as the old systems. Phase-Change Materials Cool Storage Phase-change materials are the new kids on the cool storage block, although they’ve been around in their present form since the early 1980s. Phase-change materials are salts developed to undergo liquid/ solid phase changes at tempera- tures as high as 47°F (8°C), and to store and release large amounts of energy during the phase change. Stored in hermetically sealed plastic containers, phase-change materials change to solids as they release heat to chilled water that flows around them. At these temperatures, chillers can operate more efficiently than at the low temperatures required by ice storage systems. Phase-change materials also store about three times more Btu per pound (joules per kilo- gram) than a typical chilled-water storage system. Anaheim Public Utilities in Anaheim, California, recently became the first city-owned utility to embrace this technology. Anaheim has a 7-year, pay-per-performance contract with Transphase Systems, Inc., of Hunting- ton Beach, to provide enough phase- change material cool storage systems to shift 6 megawatts off-peak. “The choice of ice, chilled water, or PCMs depends on what’s needed,” says Don Gascoigne, Transphase sales manager. “If low temperatures are needed, something like ice is best. If there are conventional tempera- tures and plenty of space, chilled water can be installed. If space is limited, low temperatures aren’t required, and a passive, easy-to- maintain system is desired, ours is a good choice.” Conclusion Whether you “store cold” with ice, chilled water, or phase-change ma- terials, cool storage can help balance the daily ups and downs of electrical power consumption. The technology is straightforward and proven, and the savings can be substantial. Cool storage is one of the most powerful tools available to utilities for balanc- ing their power loads and to local governments and private businesses for cutting energy costs and promot- ing more efficient energy use in their communities. ■ This document was produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a DOE national laboratory. The document was produced by the Technical Information Program, under the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. DOE/GO-10095-152 DE94006859 July 1995 Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste For More Information Public Technology, Inc. Distribution Center P.O. Box 321 Annapolis Junction, MD 20701 (301) 490-2188 Application Guide for Thermal Energy Storage, document no. 87-302. A comprehensive introduction to thermal energy storage. EPRI Distribution Center and Hotline Electric Power Research Institute 207 Coggins Drive P.O. Box 23205 Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 (510) 934-4212 Call for information or order reports on vari- ous aspects of thermal energy storage. EPRI HVAC&R Center 150 East Gilman Street, Suite 2200 Madison, WI 53703 (608) 262-8220 A source of research and technical advice on cool storage, this center also offers seminars and will contract to review plan specifica- tions for cool storage projects. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329 (404) 636-8400 The ASHRAE Journal ASHRAE Design Guide for Cool Thermal Energy Storage EREC P.O. Box 3048 Merrifield, VA 22116 (800) 363-3732 The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) is a service funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to provide information on renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. 4 N N E E M M T T O O T T F E R R N A A E R P P G E E Y D D U U A N N C I I I R T T E E E M D D A F O O S S S S T T A A T T E EPDF Image | Keep It Cool with Thermal Energy Storage
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