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Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 16 Energies 2022, 15, 1008 4 of 16 directly to the building to provide heating. It is used to compensate for the gap between the energy supply from the solar collectors and the residential energy demand at the ex- building to provide heating. It is used to compensate for the gap between the energy supply pense of electrical energy drawn from the grid. The goal of the operation management is from the solar collectors and the residential energy demand at the expense of electrical to minimize the use of the heat pump and the related energy costs in order to ensure a energy drawn from the grid. The goal of the operation management is to minimize the cost-efficient and environmentally friendly operation of the system. use of the heat pump and the related energy costs in order to ensure a cost-efficient and The major TESSe2b components are described in brief in the following. environmentally friendly operation of the system. TES tanks: The TESSe2b TES tanks were designed in a compact and modular manner The major TESSe2b components are described in brief in the following. for easy integration into the buildings. Each tank stores energy at a temperature range of TES tanks: The TESSe2b TES tanks were designed in a compact and modular manner 38–45 °C for heating, 10–17 °C for cooling and 50–60 °C for DHW. Their design was carried for easy integration into the buildings. Each tank stores energy at a temperature range of out ac◦cording to European◦ standards using finite e◦lement analysis (FEA) [18]. TES tanks 38–45 C for heating, 10–17 C for cooling and 50–60 C for DHW. Their design was carried are made of polypropylene (PP), and they are covered internally by an epoxy-based prod- out according to European standards using finite element analysis (FEA) [18]. TES tanks are uct to prevent surface cracking of the PP caused by hydraulic forces of the absorbed PCM made of polypropylene (PP), and they are covered internally by an epoxy-based product to during its change of phase, as PP is affected after being in warm contact with the organic prevent surface cracking of the PP caused by hydraulic forces of the absorbed PCM during PCM tested. The epoxy product was tested in the lab, where no effect occurred on the its change of phase, as PP is affected after being in warm contact with the organic PCM hardness properties and mass uptake of the samples using it as coating [19]. They are tested. The epoxy product was tested in the lab, where no effect occurred on the hardness prreoinpfeorrtciesdabnydfimveashsouripztoanktealorfibthseansadmthprlees sutseienlgbaitrsas(Fciogautrieng2)[.1I9n]s.idTeheaycahrtearnekin, tfhoercredis bayffiinveanhdortiuzboenthaelartibesxcahnadntgherree(HstEe)e,lwbharicsh(Fisigduerseig2n).eIdnspirdoepearclyh toanakc,htihevereetihsearfieqnuainredd thuebaethtreant sefxecrhrantegebret(wHeEe),nwtheicPhCiMs daensidgtnheedhperaotptrearlnysfteorafcluhidev(eHtThFe)rdequurinregdtheaTtEtSratnasnfke’rs roapterbaettiwonee(nchtahregPinCgM/diasnchdatrhgeinhgeaptrtorcaenssfesr).flTuhide (tHanTkF’)s dmuoridnuglathr edTesEiSgntaennka’sbloepsesryastitoenm (dcheasirgninegrs/tdoismchatacrhgitnhge tportoaclesnsersg).yTshtoertaagnekc’aspmacoidtyuolafrthdesiygsnteemnatboleascshybstueimldidnegs,igsenlercst- tiongmtahtechapthperotoptraial tenneurgmybsetroorafgtaenckasp.aTchiteyionftetrhnealsyvsotleumetooefaecahchbutainldkinisg,apseplreocxtinmgatheley a1p6p0rLop.riatenumberoftanks.Theinternalvolumeofeachtankisapproximately160L. Figure 2. TES tanks (HTES, CTESs or DHW). Figure 2. TES tanks (HTES, CTESs or DHW). SSoolalarrccoolleleccttoorrss::Tyyppicicaallflfalattpplalatetessoolalarrccoollelecctotorsrswweerereuusesedd. . Geeootthheerrmaallininssttaallalattioionn: :ThiissccomprriisseessttheegeottherrmallBHEssandttheGSHP. .IIttisisusseed ffoorrtthe storage ofttheerrmaalleenneergrgyy,,ththuussuspupoprotirntigngthtehseystyesmtemin oinrdoerdteorintocrienacsreaitsepietsr- pfeorfmoramncaenicnetihnetheathienagtiangdacnodolicnogolminogdme.oDduer.inDguorpinergatoiponeroaftitohneohfeathtepuhmeaptipnuhmeaptiing hmeaotdineg, tmheotdeem, tpheratetumrpeeorfathuerehoefathcearhreieart cflaurirdiewr flituhidn wthiethBinHtEhwe BilHl dEewcrielal sdee,carnedasde,uarnindg dcuoroilnigngc,oiotlwinigll,iintcwreilalsien.cAredadsein.gAPdCdiMngsiPnCtoMtsheinbtortehheobleosreishorelegsarisdreedgasrdaendeaffseacntiveeffmecetiavnes means to store thermal energy in the BHEs and improves the performance of GSHP systems. to store thermal energy in the BHEs and improves the performance of GSHP systems. The The thermal energy stored in the PCMs will smooth the ground thermal wave generated thermal energy stored in the PCMs will smooth the ground thermal wave generated by by the GSHP operation and enhance the seasonal performance factor (SPF) of the system. the GSHP operation and enhance the seasonal performance factor (SPF) of the system. Depending on the PCM phase change temperature, this can be applied to the heating or Depending on the PCM phase change temperature, this can be applied to the heating or cooling mode. The PCMs used in the BHE are paraffins, and the selected phase change cooling mode. The PCMs used in the BHE are paraffins, and the selected phase change temperature takes into account the ground temperature at each location of the demo sites temperature takes into account the ground temperature at each location of the demo sites and the most critical mode of operation: heating or cooling. For Cyprus, the critical mode and the most critical mode of operation: heating or cooling. For Cyprus, the critical mode is cooling, and the phase change temperature considered was 28 ◦C. is cooling, and the phase change temperature considered was 28 °C. Smart Control System: The control system developed in the TESSe2b project ensures the Smart Control System: The control system developed in the TESSe2b project ensures cooperation of all components in an efficient way. The basic operations that the TESSe2b the cooperation of all components in an efficient way. The basic operations that the system is performing are the heating, cooling and dehumidification of a building using TESSe2b system is performing are the heating, cooling and dehumidification of a building solar and geothermal energy, the provision of domestic hot water, the storage of solar using solar and geothermal energy, the provision of domestic hot water, the storage of and geothermal energy for heating and cooling in PCM tanks and the safe operation and solar and geothermal energy for heating and cooling in PCM tanks and the safe operation protection of the system components. and protection of the system components. The control system coordinates these components in order to efficiently execute the main functions of the system. The TESSe2b controller is a central controller that is respon-PDF Image | Latent Thermal Energy Storage Application
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