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Energies 2022, 15, 1008 5 of 16 sible for providing DHW and the necessary thermal power to the heating and cooling devices of the building. The TESSe2b controller monitors the inlet and outlet temperature of the heating and cooling devices, and it regulates the flow and temperature of the HTF in the load loop in order to ensure that the appropriate amount of energy is being effi- ciently supplied to the house. The controller ensures that the desired DHW temperature is provided at all times, regardless of the consumption. The controller also has the task of sustaining the operating temperatures of hot and cold PCM tanks within the safety limits of the PCM material in order to extend their lifetime and for performing other safety functions, such as safe operation in case of a component failure or during extreme weather conditions. The control system is managed based on the input of an array of sensors and actuators that automatically changes the system’s mode of operation according to the needs of the building. The TESSe2b controller is independent of the building installation. The temperature control of individual rooms or zones is performed by decentralized control devices and thermostats, which are not an integral part of the TESSe2b system as they depend on the type of heating and cooling devices of the building. This structure allows the installation of the TESSe2b system not only in new residential buildings but also in existing buildings without the need for replacing the heating and cooling devices. 3. TESSe2b System Design for Cyprus Demo Site 3.1. About the Area The house is located in Mιliou village, 35 km north of the town of Pafos, where the climate is typically Mediterranean [20]. The location of the demo site is 34◦55′58.7′′ N, 32◦27′57.4′′ E, as defined by the Google Earth application. The village is at a medium altitude of 420 m from sea level, and the temperature fluctuates from 34 ◦C in July to 4 ◦C in January. The daily span in temperature can reach 16 ◦C. The sunshine over the area is relatively high, ranging from 5.5 h in winter to 11.5 h in summer, and the annual solar irradiation is about 1850 kWh/m2. The average annual rainfall is 470 mm, mainly during winter and spring. In the eastern Mediterranean region, general winds are mostly mild to moderate to the west or southwest in winter and north or northwest in summer. Very strong winds (over 34 knots) are rare. The subsoil of Miliou is mainly limestone and chalks. Weather station equipment was installed in the building in order to provide weather data. 3.2. Description of the Building and Its Needs The building use is residential with a surface area of 221 m2, and it is located on a 3500-m2 plot. Figure 3A shows the photo of the building, and Figure 3B shows the geometric model of the Design Builder (DB) software [21]. There is also a small basement, which has been turned into an engine room. The building is 30 years old, and it is in good condition with brick plastered walls and roof tiling. The underground area is rich in geothermal energy because of underground flowing water masses. Heating needs are covered by oil-fired boilers, burners and radiators, while cooling needs are covered by split units. The existing DWH system consists of a solar system with 2 flat plate collectors and a storage cylinder on the roof with a 4-kW electrical element, and it is also served by the oil-fired boiler. For the dimensioning of the TESSe2b system in order to cover heating, cooling and DHW needs and the evaluation of its performance, the building energy requirements were obtained using Design Builder (DB) software [21]. The climatic data of Paphos, Cyprus were used, which were available in Design Builder, and they were validated with the measurements implemented by the weather station installed in the demo site.PDF Image | Latent Thermal Energy Storage Application
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