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Eneerrggiieess2022,,145,,x10F0O8R PEER REVIEW 6 6ofof1166 Mode Heating Cooling Annual Needs per Area (kW/m2 ) 68.8 67.0 Annual Needs per Area (kW/m2) 68.8 3.3. TESoSlSaer2sbyIsmtepmle:mTehnetastiolnar system comprised 10 typical flat plate solar collectors with selective absorber, which were installed on the residence’s roof (Figure 4). Each solar The TESSe2b system with PCM storage was designed and installed in order to max- (A) (B) FFiiggurree33..EExxteterrnnaallvvieiewoofftthheebbuuilidldiningg—Eaasstt..(A(A))==aacctutuaallbbuuilidldiningg,,(B(B))==ggeoeommetertircicmmooddele.l. FIonrotrhderdtiomiemnpsiloenminengtothfethbeuTildEiSnSge2sibmsuylsatteimonsinanodrdceorntcolucdoevethrehaenantiunagl,nceoeodlisnsghaonwdn in Table 1, the following assumptions were considered: DHW needs and the evaluation of its performance, the building energy requirements were obtained using Design Builder (DB) software [21]. The climatic data of Paphos, Cy- Heating season: November to mid-April pCrouoslwinegrseeuasoedn:, mwhidic-AhpwrielrteoaSveapitleamblebeirn Design Builder, and they were validated with ◦◦ tIhnedmooerasteumrepmeeranttusriems:p2le0mCen(theedatbiyngth);e2w5 eCath(ceorosltiantgio);n installed in the demo site. SolaIrnColrldeectrortos: iFmlaptlPemanenlt the building simulations and conclude the annual needs ◦ sDhoWwHn: i4npTearbsloen1s, t1h6e0 fLolploewr dinagy;a4s5sumCptions were considered: Load Terminal Units for heating and cooling: fan-coils; Heating season: November to mid-April Utilization Schedules and heating or cooling: depending of the room; Cooling season: mid-April to September Building total floor area: 221 m2 Indoor temperatures: 20 °C (heating); 25 °C (cooling); There is no thermal insulation in the thermal envelope. Solar Collectors: Flat Panel DWH: 4 persons, 160 L per day; 45 °C LToaabdleT1e. rEmstimnalteUdnciatpsafcoirtiehseantidnegnaenrgdycnoeoedlisn.g: fan-coils; Utilization Schedules and heating or cooling: depending of the room; Capacity Capacity per A2 rea Annual Needs Building total floor area: 221 m (kW) (W/m2 ) (kWh) There is no thermal insulation in the thermal envelope. 17.0 76.9 Table 1. Estimated capacities and energy needs. 18.6 84.2 15211 14813 Annual Needs (kWh) 15211 Capacity Capacity per Area 3.3.TESSe2bIm(kpWlem)entation (W/m2) Mode Heating 17.0 76.9 The TESSe2b system with PCM storage was designed and installed in order to maxi- mCiozoeltihnegsolar1fr8a.6ction due to th84e.P2CM’s large am1o4u8n1t3of latent heat in co6m7.0parison with the energy storage based in sensible heat using water volume storage. Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 collector was 2 m × 1 m in size (1.83 m active area). A heat dissipator was also used imize the solar fraction due to the PCM’s large amount of latent heat in comparison with (electrical power: 0.5 kW). the energy storage based in sensible heat using water volume storage. Solar system: The solar system comprised 10 typical flat plate solar collectors with selective absorber, which were installed on the residence’s roof (Figure 4). Each solar col- lector was 2 m × 1 m in size (1.83 m2 active area). A heat dissipator was also used (electrical 7 of 16 power: 0.5 kW). TES tanks: Based on the design calculations and considering the house characteristics and climate of the area, it was concluded that the total storage volume was 3 HTES tanks, 3 CTES tanks and 1 DHW tank which were 0.16 m3 each with a total volume (based on the HE level) of 1.12 m3. For heating, the tanks may have needed the heat pump’s support to cover the building needs at some peak hours per year. For cooling, the CTES tanks were able to cover all cooling needs in terms of capacity, even during the peak hours. Figure 4. Solar collectors on the roof. Figure 4. Solar collectors on the roof. TGEeSotthaenrkmsa: lBiansetdalloantiotnh:eTdheisigcnomcaplcruisleadtioanGs SanHdPcwonitshidaertiontgalthcoeohloinugsecacpharcaitcyteorfis1ti8c.s6 aKnWd ,clhimeaattinegofcathpeacairteya,oift2w6.a3skcWoncalnude1d0tBhHatEtsh.eHtoaltfalosfttohreagbeorveohluolmese(w5)ahsa3dHaTnEeSxtarankUs-, tube inserted. which was filled with PCM. Liquid A28 PCM was poured into the prein- stalled pipework in the BHEs. The heat pump was in cooling mode (heat rejection) so as to avoid solidification of the PCM while traveling down the pipework. The depth was 100 m for all BHEs, and the distance between each BHE was 6 m. All BHEs were drilled at the north and northwest sides of the pilot building area (Figure 5). The wet drilling methodPDF Image | Latent Thermal Energy Storage Application
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