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Materials 2022, 15, 2946 7 of 20 Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 23 Figure 2. Reflectivity measurement of particulate materials using ASD FieldSpe3 Portable Spectro- Figure 2. Reflectivity measurement of particulate materials using ASD FieldSpe3 Portable Spectrora- radiometer device. diometer device. To find the weighted solar absorptance of the candidate particulate materials, the 3.4. Thermophysical Properties absorptance values were weighted with respect to the values of the solar spectrum ac- 3.4.1. Bulk Density cording to ASTM G173-03 and the air mass of AM1.5, as shown in Equation Error! Refer- The bulk density (loose) of the candidate particulate materials for each test was ence source not found. [25]: measured. The mass of the solid particles was measured using a high-accuracy KERN PLJ 𝐴 = AM1.5 (W/ mnm) · 𝐴 (3) 4000-2M lab scale, whereasthevolume of the solid particleswasm easured using a high- accuracy graduated PYREX beaker. The bulk density was obtained using the following Finally, a trapezoidal integration was executed under the curve to calculate the total procedure: (1) the particles were poured into the beaker and the mass was measured; absorptance of the material: (2) the volume occupied by the particles as indicated by the graduated beaker was noted; 𝐴+𝐴 and (3) the bulk density was calculated by dividing the total mass by the total volume. 2 The measurement of the partiTcloetadleAnbssitoyrpwtanscdeo=neusing Archimedes’ principle, in which 𝑁−1 distilled water was used to fill the void fraction between the solid particles. The density of the distilled water was measured using the KD2 PRO device at different temperatures where 𝐴 is the first low range value, 𝐴 is the higher range value, and N is the number starting from ambient temperature to 70 ◦C. In order to determine the exact particle volume, of values. the distilled water was put in the beaker and then weighed. The water volume was calculated by dividing the water mass by the measured density. The particle sample then 3.4. Thermophysical Properties was poured freely into the distilled water to ensure that the particle was surrounded by water on all sides and to avoid forming air bubbles between the particles and the 3.4.1. Bulk Density The bulk density (loose) of the candidate particulate materials for each test was meas- distilled water. The particle mass was calculated by subtracting the measured water mass ured. The mass of the solid particles was measured using a high-accuracy KERN PLJ 4000- from the total mass. In addition, the particle volume was determined by subtracting the 2M lab scale, whereas the volume of the solid particles was measured using a high-accu- calculated water volume from the total volume. The particle density was finally calculated racy graduated PYREX beaker. The bulk density was obtained using the following proce- by dividing the particle mass by the particle volume. All of the measurements were taken dure: (1) the particles were poured into the beaker and the mass was measured; (2) the in atmospheric air and at ambient temperature. volume occupied by the particles as indicated by the graduated beaker was noted; and (3) 3th.4e.2b.uSlpkedceifincsiHtyewatas calculated by dividing the total mass by the total volume. The meas- urement of the particle density was done using Archimedes’ principle, in which distilled The specific heat capacity (cp) is an important property to be considered in the selection water was used to fill the void fraction between the solid particles. The density of the of particulate materials that are going to be used as a medium for thermal energy storage distilled water was measured using the KD2 PRO device at different temperatures starting in particle-based CSP systems. The higher the specific heat capacity, the higher the heat sfrtomragaemcbaipeanctityemthpaetrcaatunrbeetoac7h0ie°vCe.dI.nTohredsepretcoifidcetheeramtiwneasthmeeeaxsaucrtepdafrotircolenlvyotluhme we,htihte sdaisntdillaenddwreadtersawnadsspaumtpinletsh“eabseraekcerivaendd”,thaennd wafeteigrhceydc.liTcheawtiantegravto1l2u0m0 e Cwas caaflucunlcatitoedn obfy tdeimvipdeinragttuhre wuasitnergmthaessdbiyfftehrenmtieaalssucraendndinengscitayl.oTrihme eptarryti(cDleSsCa)mtpelcehtnhieqnuwe ast pSoaunrdeida NfreaetiloynianltoLathbeordaitsotirlyled(SNwaLt)e.rTthoeemnseuarseutrheamtetnhtespwaretrieclceowndasucsuterdrofuronmded35byCwtaote1r20o0n aCll sides and to avoid forming air bubbles between the particles and the distilled water. The ◦ ◦◦ (4)PDF Image | Low-Cost Particulates Used as Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer Medium
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