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Materials 2022, 15, 2946 the sample after aging. The higher percentage of Fe in the “as received” sample gave it the dark color, thereby giving it a higher weighted solar absorbance. The EDX results show 14 of 20 Figure 7. XRD data for red sand in the “as received” condition, following heating in air at different Figure 7. XRD data for red sand in the “as received” condition, following heating in air at different temperatures, and after cyclic heating at 1200◦°C for 500 h. temperatures, and after cyclic heating at 1200 C for 500 h. The EDX and XRD analyses of the Carbobead CP samples “as received” and after cyclic heating at 1200 ◦C for 32 h and 500 h are summarized in Table 6 and presented in Figure 8, respectively. Unlike the white sand and red sand, the O2 weight percentage increased in all of the elemental weight percentages with temperature. The EDX data show a strong existence of Al in all the samples that increased by 20% from the “as received” sample. Conversely, the Si and Fe contents decreased with cyclic heating time. Only O, Al, Si, and Fe elements were detected in the sample after aging. The higher percentage of Fe in the “as received” sample gave it the dark color, thereby giving it a higher weighted solar absorbance. The EDX results show that the Si was decreased after heating to 1200 ◦C for 4 h, and then increased again upon further heating to 1200 ◦C for 32 h and 500 h. that the Si was decreased after heating to 1200 °C for 4 h, and then increased again upon further heating to 1200 °C for 32 h and 500 h. Table 6. Elemental composition of CARBOBEAD CP. Element O Al Si CARBOBEAD CP (Weight %) Fresh 49.95 31.38 6.76 1200 ◦C—4 h 50.91 40.25 2.20 1200 ◦C—32 h 51.37 40.75 3.52 1200 ◦C—500 h 51.59 39.42 4.79 Figure 8. XRD data for CARBOBEAD CP in the “as received” condition and following heating in air Fe 11.27 3.80 2.84 4.19 at 1200 °C for different periods. Symbols correspond to the following phases. Ti 0.65 1.90 1.52 - Mn - 1.43 - - Table 6. Elemental composition of CARBOBEAD CP. Total 100.00 100.43 100.00 99.99 Element CARBOBEAD CP (weight %) Fresh 1200 °C—4 h 1200 °C—32 h 1200 °C—500 h Since EDX is an analytical technique that uses an electron beam that could penetrate O 49.95 50.91 51.37 51.59 from 1 to 2 micrometers, it is safe to say that the changes in the elemental weighted percenAtalges were o3n1t.3h8e surface du40e.2to5 the diffusion o4f0e.7l5ements at higher t3e9m.4p2eratures. HowevSeir, these resu6l.t7s6could not be2.i2n0terpreted for the3b.5u2lk of the material. 4.79 ThFeeXRD result1s1s.2h7ow that the 3p.e8a0ks of the Carbob2e.a8d4 CP samples (“as r4e.c1e9ived” and the samples subjected to heat-treatment tests for 32 h and 500 h) were assigned to Al O Ti 0.65 1.90 1.52 - 23 as the major phase and mullite and Fe TiO as the minor phases. Although there was a Mn - 1.4325 - - high content percentage of the Fe in the samples (11% of the total CP mass “as received”), the phases associated with Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 were not observed in the XRD results. That did not mean that there was no change in the phases associated with iron oxide, but that the iron was most likely contained within other structures, such as Fe2TiO5. The slightPDF Image | Low-Cost Particulates Used as Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer Medium
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