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Low-Cost Particulates Used as Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer Medium

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Low-Cost Particulates Used as Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer Medium ( low-cost-particulates-used-as-energy-storage-and-heat-transf )

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Materials 2022, 15, 2946 18 of 20 References Author Contributions: Conceptualization, H.A.-A., S.J. and S.N.D.; methodology, R.S.S., A.E.-L., N.S.S. and S.A.; software, R.S.S., E.D. and A.A.; validation, R.S.S., A.A., S.N.D. and S.A.; formal analysis, H.A.-A., S.J. and A.A.; investigation, R.S.S., A.E.-L., N.S.S. and S.A.; software, R.S.S. and E.D.; validation, R.S.S., A.A., S.N.D. and S.A.; formal analysis, R.S.S., H.A.-A., S.J. and A.E.-L.; resources, H.A.-A., Z.A.-S. and Z.A.; data curation, E.D. and Z.A.-S.; writing—original draft preparation, R.S.S. and S.N.D.; writing—review and editing, R.S.S. and S.N.D.; visualization, H.A.-A., S.J., S.N.D. and A.E.-L.; supervision, S.N.D. and A.E.-L.; project administration, H.A.-A.; funding acquisition, H.A.-A., Z.A. and Z.A.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University through research group no. RG-1440-087. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group no. RG-1440-087. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Schmitz, M.; Schwarzbözl, P.; Buck, R.; Pitz-Paal, R. Assessment of the potential improvement due to multiple apertures in central receiver systems with secondary concentrators. Sol. Energy 2006, 80, 111–120. [CrossRef] 2. Fend, T.; Pitz-Paal, R.; Reutter, O.; Bauer, J.; Hoffschmidt, B. Two novel high-porosity materials as volumetric receivers for concentrated solar radiation. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2004, 84, 291–304. [CrossRef] 3. Koll, G.; Schwarzbözl, P.; Hennecke, K.; Hartz, T.; Schmitz, M.; Hoffschmidt, B. The solar tower Julich—A research and demonstration plant for central receiver systems. In Proceedings of the SolarPACES 2009, Berlin, Germany, 15–18 September 2009. 4. Ho, C.K. Advances in central receivers for concentrating solar application. Sol. Energy 2017, 152, 38–56. [CrossRef] 5. Reilly, H.; Kolb, G. An Evaluation of Molten-Salt Power Towers Including Results of the Solar Two Project; SAND2001-3674; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 2001. 6. Ortega, J.; Burgaleta, J.; Téllez, F. Central receiver system solar power plant using molten salt as heat transfer fluid. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2008, 130, 024501. [CrossRef] 7. Laing, D.; Bahl, C.; Bauer, T.; Lehmann, D.; Steinmann, W. Thermal energy storage for direct steam generation. Sol. Energy 2011, 85, 627–633. [CrossRef] 8. Laing, D.; Steinmann, W.; Viebahn, P.; Gräter, F.; Bahl, C. Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Thermal Energy Storage for Parabolic Trough Power Plants. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2010, 132, 041013. [CrossRef] 9. Warerkar, S.; Schmitz, S.; Goettsche, J.; Hoffschmidt, B.; Reißel, M.; Tamme, R. Air-sand heat exchanger for high-temperature storage. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2011, 133, 021010. [CrossRef] 10. Martin, J.; Vitko, J.A. Solar Central Receiver Utilizing a Solid Thermal Carrier; Sandia Report No. SAND82-8203; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1982. 11. Hruby, J.M. A Technical Feasibility Study of a Solid Particle Solar Central Receiver for High Temperature Applications; Sandia Report No. SAND86-8211; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1986. 12. Falcone, P.K. Technical Review of the Solid Particle Receiver Program; Sandia Report No. SAND84-8229; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1984. 13. Falcone, P.K.; Noring, J.E.; Hruby, J.M. Assessment of a Solid Particle Receiver for a High Temperature Solar Central Receiver System; Sandia Report No. SAND85-8208; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1985. 14. Stahl, K.A.; Griffin, J.W.; Matson, B.S.; Pettit, R.B. Optical Characterization of Solid Particle Solar Central Receiver Materials; Sandia Report No. SAND86-1215; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1986. 15. Messing, G.L.; Kupp, D.M.; Hellmann, J.R. Sintering of Coarse Ceramic Particles; Sandia Report No. SAND85-0064; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1985. 16. Hruby, J.M.; Burolla, V.P. Solid Particle Receiver Experiments: Velocity Measurements; Sandia Report No. SAND84-8238; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1984. 17. Hruby, J.M.; Steeper, R.; Evans, G.H.; Crowe, C.T. An Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow and Convective Heat Transfer in a Freely Falling Curtain of Particles; Sandia Report No. SAND84-8714; Sandia National Laboratories: Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1986. 18. Zunft, S.; Hänel, M.; Krüger, M.; Dreißigacker, V.; Göhring, F.; Wahl, E. Jülich Solar Power Tower—Experimental Evaluation of the Storage Subsystem and Performance Calculation. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2011, 133, 031019. [CrossRef] 19. Avila-Marin, A.L.; Alvarez-Lara, M.; Fernandez-Reche, J. A Regenerative Heat Storage System for Central Receiver Technology Working with Atmospheric Air. Energy Procedia 2014, 49, 705–714. [CrossRef]

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