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4 . APPLICATIONS ANALYSES The heat flow into and out of a building is cyclic with a large diurnal compo- nent driven by changing temperature and so~ar insulation. Thermal energy storage materials are effective when they shift the phase of heat flow to better match the needs of the occupants--delaying delivery of midday solar heat into the evening and night or absorbing unwanted heat during the day so that it may be rejected more efficiently and economically at night. Computer models were used to estimate the energy conservation and economic benefits of using phase-change thermal energy storage materials in a Trombe wall, a direct gain space, and a "cool" storage application. For this reason, the models have been exercised parametrically with, for example, the PCM transition tem- perature, thermal conductivity, latent heat, surface area, etc. as systematically varied input parameters. Trombe Vall A thermal network model was developed for the Trombe wall and was incorporated into a thermal simulation code for residential buildings. The simulation was performed using forward finite differencing with time steps of one hour or less for entire years (typical meteorological year for Denver, Colorado). Thermal storage was modeled with multiple thermal nodes to account for the effect of thermal conductivity and the resulting temperature gradients in the wall. For the phase-change materials, this multinode modeling used the SERIRES code with multiple single-node phase-change material layers, each with a specific thermal conductivity. Annual solar savings fractions* were based on annual simulations with and without the Trombe wall. Simulations were performed for a PCt1 with a latent heat of 121 kJ/kg (52 Btu/lb), with a solid-state phase-change temperature as a parameter. Assumine no supercooling, the optimum phase-change temperature is about 29°C (84°F). Other simulations showed an incremental benefit from increasing the thermal conductivity of the phase-change mater.-ial when the transition tem- perature is near optimum or decreasin§ the thermal conductivity when the tran- sition temperature is higher than 29 C. An increase in thermal conduct!vity may be achieved by adding a material with a high thermal conductivity to the phase-change materials. Figure 2 shows a comparison of a hypothetical solid-state phase-change material wall to a more conventional, concrete Trombe wall. Such a phase- change material wall might perform as well or better than a much thicker and ten times heavier concrete wall. :The solar savings fraction (SSF) is that part of the annual heating energy requirement which is displaced by the incorporation of the solar component. 4 TP-2:Z27PDF Image | New Phase-Change Thermal Energy Storage Materials for Buildings
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