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Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 3 of 39 (over 100 ◦C), and pressurized hot water (below 100 ◦C) as the energy carrier. Nonethe- less, in accordance with the same authors, the fourth generation of district heating is the one capable of meeting sustainability requirements, i.e., low heat losses, low-temperature supply, the capacity to recover low-temperature heat sources, the integration of renewable heat sources, the ability to be integrated into smart energy systems (such as electricity and gas grids), and that is economically viable and feasible. This last requirement is particu- larly important since, according to Volkova et al. [21], one of the most important barriers preventing the massive transition to this new generation of DH is the economic aspect, which can be overcome through financial incentives. Moreover, the fourth generation of district heating has the potential to reduce costs, primary energy consumption [22], and CO2 emissions [23]. Sharing electricity (SE) between users is an additional topic that has demonstrated the potential for the improvement of DHCNs. This SE approach essentially intends to reduce the amount of electricity bought from the grid by sharing the electricity produced by each member of a given energy community. Such a procedure might aim, for instance, to share the electricity produced by local photovoltaic (PV) plants in order to feed heat pumps and circulation pumps, as in the case of the research conducted by Vivian et al. [24], which are their main source of operation costs. In the work developed by Kim et al. [25], they proposed an “energy prosumer concept” in order to raise the self-consumption of a community in terms of thermal and electrical energies. The shared electricity was generated by distributed PV plants and fed a simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump (SHCHP), which in turn supplied heat and cooling to the DHCN. Still, according to the authors, before the implementation of this concept, the power sold to the grid was around 60% of the PV power production, whereas the implementation resulted in 12.5% of electricity sold to the grid, which shows the increase of self-consumption. Kayo et al. [26] investigated the energy sharing approach (which also included the SE) applied to four types of buildings that could generate and consume electricity and heat from each other. Since each building had its own CHP system, one of their main conclusions was that the larger the CHP system, the greater the possibility of sharing electricity with other buildings and the greater the primary energy savings. Another interesting conclusion is that the operation strategy of the CHP system plays a key role when it comes to energy sharing improvements. As observed, the literature has dealt with the SE methodology from different points of view, including also the presence of a DHN. Further advancements have also analysed how the community is established, the presence of non-prosumers [27], and the financial attrac- tiveness in terms of incentives when it comes to SE between users with residential electricity storage [28]. In the same line, Wu et al. [29] claimed that SE does not always lead to a reduction in storage investments, since it will depend on applied taxes. Somma et al. [30] have also analysed local energy systems with sharing electricity and their interactions with the electricity market through an MILP optimization; however, no heating or cooling distribution systems were considered. There are other authors who also consider the cost of optimization when it comes to the interaction of local users with the main grid, as with the authors in the references [31–33]; however, they have not considered heating and/or cooling district systems as well. 1.2. Novelty and Goals From the literature review depicted above, one can observe that it has approached the topic of optimal sharing electricity (SE) between local users in a wide variety of ways. Furthermore, in recent years, the scientific community has frequently discussed potential pathways to achieve a 100% RES scenario by the middle of this century, mainly through an increasing in electrification of all sectors. However, as discussed in a previous study [34], cooling-, heat-, and power-related technologies are expected to play a crucial role in the transition to a 100% RES scenario. On top of that, an overview of EC-related literature demonstrated the difficulty of finding studies dealing, at the same time, with the optimiza- tion of the following aspects:PDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
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