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Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 6 of 41 Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 “User i”, which represents the other users within the energy community. These three ele- ments are connected through a DHCN, for thermal related energy exchange, and a distri- 6 of 39 bution substation (DS), as an electricity concentrator. The pipeline connections between users, the central unit, and the DHCN are one of the optimized characteristics performed by the model. The users and central unit are not connected directly to the electricity grid. k or to DHN. If the heat supplied by MGT, ICE, STp, TStor, and the heat pump (HP) is Instead, they are all connected to the DS, the purpose of which is to manage the electricity not enough to cope with the User k thermal demand, the BOI comes to the scene to cover flow for the three elements. In other words, based on an electricity balance, the DS sends this deficit. The electricity is produced by MGT, ICE, and photovoltaic panels (PVp). This electricity to a given user (if its polygeneration unit did not fulfil its demand), receives electricity can feed the compression chiller (CC), HP, and User k demand. At the same time, electricity from a given user (if its polygeneration unit has fulfilled its demand and now this User Building k is allowed to send or receive electricity to/from the DS. The cooling it has an electricity surplus), buys electricity from the grid (if the electricity surplus from energy can be produced by ABS, CC, and/or HP and is sent to the cooling storage (CStor), the users is not enough to cover the electricity deficit of the other users), and sells electric- to User k, and/or to the DCN. As observed in Figure 1, CStor is allowed to send cooling ity to the grid (if there is a surplus and all electricity users demands are covered). only to User k or DCN. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the energy community. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the energy community. RHegaatirndgin, eglethctericeintyt,ralnudnciot,oiltinhgashavsemsaplelecrifsicuporeirgsitnrus,cdtuersetiannatdiohnass, caonndnpeacthiosnws iothnilny wthiethpothlyegDenSearnadtioDnHuNni.tIstuaplseorsctorumcpturrisee.sStarTtSintogrf(rtohmathiesatlilnogwceodnntoecsteinodn/s,rtehceihveahtiesaptirnog- odnulcyedtof/rformomtwthoetyDpHesNo),faprBimOIa,rSyTepn,earngdy:InCaEtu(trhaaltgsaesnadndhesaotlianrgednierregcytl.yNtoattuhrealDgHasNd).riTvhees ImCiEcrofgthasetcuernbtirnaelsu(nMitGcaTn),ainlstoersneanldcoitms pbruosdtiuocnedenegliencetrsic(IitCyEt)o, athnedDbSoiilnerosr(dBeOrIt)o, winhcreeraesaes tshoelaerlethcterrimcitayl spuapnpelys f(oSrTpth)eaureseorbs vainodusplryevdernivtetnhebmy fsrolmar beunyeirnggy.eAlecstcriacnitybefrobmsetrhveegdridn. Figure 1, absorption chillers (ABS) can only be powered by the heat coming from MGT 2.1. Components and ICE. The heat thermal storage (TStor) is allowed to store the heat coming only from MGTA, IsCmEe,nantidonSeTdpi,nanthde, ointrtohdeuocthtieornh, tahnede,nitecragnyscuopmpmlyuhneiatyt,otanklyentoinUtsoearckcourntot iDnHthNis. study, is made up of nine users located in a medium town in Northeast Italy. Every user is If the heat supplied by MGT, ICE, STp, TStor, and the heat pump (HP) is not enough to allowed to install several devices in order to satisfy their own energy demands, as described cope with the User k thermal demand, the BOI comes to the scene to cover this deficit. The in the previous section. The sizes of MGT, ICE, ABS, and HP are fixed and have been chosen electricity is produced by MGT, ICE, and photovoltaic panels (PVp). This electricity can a priori as described in Section 3. BOI and CC have been left free in size and it is upon the feed the compression chiller (CC), HP, and User k demand. At the same time, this User model to optimize their installation and sizes as well. STp and PVp are of variable size Building k is allowed to send or receive electricity to/from the DS. The cooling energy can and have a limitation of a maximum of 200 m2 per user. All the central unit devices are of be produced by ABS, CC, and/or HP and is sent to the cooling storage (CStor), to User k, variable size, except for the ICE. Every user can adopt in parallel up to j components of the and/or to the DCN. As observed in Figure 1, CStor is allowed to send cooling only to User same size. k or DCN. A set of binary variables is expressed at each time interval for the whole year, at every Regarding the central unit, it has a smaller superstructure and has connections only user location, and for each device. Equations (1)–(34) represent the base formula setting with the DS and DHN. It also comprises a TStor (that is allowed to send/receive heating regarding component, DHCN, and thermal storage modelling, which is similar to our only to/from the DHN), a BOI, STp, and ICE (that send heating directly to the DHN). The previous work [6]. The variable “X” expresses the existence of a given component, while ICE of the central unit can also send its produced electricity to the DS in order to increase the variable “O” expresses its on/off operation. The component j is allowed to be installed the electricity supply for the users and prevent them from buying electricity from the grid. only if the component j − 1 has been already taken into account (Equation (1)), and it cannot be turned on if it is not installed (Equation (2)). Xchp(j,u) ≤ Xchp(j − 1,u) (1) Ochp(m,d,h,j,u) ≤ Xchp(j,u) (2)PDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
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