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Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 14 of 39 The thermal energy needed by buildings is used for space heating (demanded at a temperature of 65–70 ◦C) and for sanitary hot water and is supplied by the BOIs. On the other hand, CCs provide the cooling energy demanded just for space cooling during the summer period. The DHN and DCN operation temperature values have been set up for the simulations at 82 ◦C and 12 ◦C, respectively. Through electricity sharing, users constitute an EC in which the aim is to fulfil the whole electric energy demand. Users that are producing an energy surplus send it to a distribution substation (cabled with the grid), which distributes the electricity to other EC users using the grid structure. This energy sharing avoids electricity purchasing from the grid until the demands are satisfied. If more energy is needed, users can purchase it from the grid; alternatively, if there is an unconsumed surplus, they can sell it to the grid, both through the distribution substation. Inside the EC, the user receiving electricity does not pay for the energy received from a producing user. Such a sharing structure could allow users to save money because not all of them need to install cogeneration devices and PVp; furthermore, it allows them to choose the size of the devices more appropriately according to the users’ demands. The type and size of the devices must fit these demands, otherwise their installation will not be appropriate. Table 2 shows the yearly demands of electric, thermal, and cooling energies of the nine users considered. The electricity demands do not take into account the CCs’ requirement regarding the cooling energy production. Hospital electricity demand represents 75% of the total amount, followed by the theatre, with 7%, while others are around 2–4% each. Regarding thermal and cooling demands, the hospital is the most energy-intensive user, which is followed by the secondary school with 11% (thermal demand) and by the retirement home with 7% (cooling demand). The summer break in the school activities leads to no cooling demands for both the institutes, just as the swimming pool, which does not need cooling all year long. Table 2. Energy demands for each user (all values in kWh). Users Town Hall Theatre Library Primary School Retirement Home Archive Hospital Secondary School Swimming Pool Total Electricity Year Demands 346,640 852,208 492,240 73,808 489,048 82,516 8,840,228 410,271 126,236 11,713,195 Heating Year Demands 618,856 947,744 523,768 926,912 637,364 387,296 23,992,246 3,603,948 360,812 31,998,946 Cooling Year Demands 148,456 457,688 112,364 0 173,404 78,652 1,475,532 0 0 2,446,096 The energy demands for all users have profiles typical of European continental climate. In fact, as observed in Figure 4, since the summer daylight is longer than in winter, there are more electricity requirements during the winter season. A similar trend is noticeable for the heating demands. The cooling demands are considerable from May to September instead, with June, July, and August being the most cooling-intensive months. The other months of the year comprise a lower cooling demand (around 700 kWh per day) due to the hospital needs. The building energy patterns are different from one another because of the thermal insulation, the occupancy factor, night lighting, etc. As stated in Section 2.1, the installed devices should have fixed and variable sizes, depending on the model. The optimization process gives the number of fixed size machines and the final dimension of the variable size ones (CCs, BOIs, TStors). Up to six devices of the same kind can be installed at each user location, choosing from a look-up table (reported in Table 3) containing the size values which are based on the user peak demands.PDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
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