PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 016
Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 16 of 39 adopted for BOIs and cogeneration devices, respectively, while a value of 0.17 €/kWh has been assumed for the purchase of electricity. Since the prices for selling electricity to the main grid depend on the contract conditions, a significantly lower price of 0.10 €/kWh has been selected with respect to the one relating to the purchase of electricity. CO2 emissions are proportional to the electricity and natural gas consumption. A value of 0.356 kg CO2/kWh has been adopted for the electricity purchased from the grid as an average between the values relative to the period 2011–2017 [47], while a value of 0.200 kg CO2/kWh has been selected for the natural gas used to feed BOIs and cogeneration devices [49]. 4. Results and Discussions The optimization conducted in this study has an hourly resolution and considers two typical days per month to represent an entire year of operation for the EC. The two typical days are intended to correspond to one working and one non-working day for each month. In each studied case, the optimization determined the optimal configuration and operation strategy for the EC. The aim of the objective function was to optimize the total annual cost for owning, operating, and maintaining the whole EC system. In a previous study (Casisi et al. [6]), the model was developed and optimized. How- ever, in order to perform comparisons, new simulations were performed using their model, though now with updated energy demand inputs (electricity, heat, cooling). Then, with the modifications made to this model (as described in Section 2), it was possible to simulate a scenario where all users within the EC share electricity among them. For that reason, this section focuses on the comparison of three optimal solutions for the following EC scenarios: 1. 2. 3. Conventional solution (CS); Energy Community Solution (ECS); Sharing Electricity Solution (SES). ECS refers to the most complete scenario analysed by Casisi et al. [6]. SES is based on ECS but with the implementation of the sharing electricity methodology described in Section 2.5. CS is also based on ECS; however, when it comes to equipment, the model is allowed to deal only with BOIs, CCs, and TStors at the user level (there is no district pipelines network). All simulations were performed through X-press software [50], using Mosel programming language [51], and accepting a 2% gap. The PC used to run all simula- tions is provided with an Intel Xeon CPU 3.3 GHz, 32 GB of RAM memory, and Windows 10 Pro for Workstations. Although using a relatively good computer, the computation time may be as short as a few hours or as long as one week, as it depends on several aspects; moreover, a previous research published in 2019 [52] presented a possible alternative to cope with such a situation. 4.1. Superstructure for Each EC Scenario Plus DHCN Diagrams Before examining the figures of the results, it is relevant to keep in mind the pictured scenarios and the main differences among them. All scenarios are designed to fully cover the electricity, heat, and cooling demands of each user within the EC. As mentioned in the last section, the scenarios are CS, ECS, and SES. The CS scenario has the aim of representing reality for most cases nowadays. Here, all the electricity, heat, and cooling demands are covered by electricity bought from the electric grid, a local BOI, and a local CC, respectively. In order to support the BOI and CC, heat and cooling storages were also considered (Figure 5). As observed, in this case, there is no connection among the users, i.e., there are no DHCN pipelines connecting them. This scenario was included to serve as a base case for the other two scenarios, i.e., to help in the assessment of the actual improvements provided by the proposed enhanced scenarios.PDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
PDF Search Title:
Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal EnergyOriginal File Name Searched:
sustainability-14-10125-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Turbine and System Plans CAD CAM: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. More Info
Waste Heat Power Technology: Organic Rankine Cycle uses waste heat to make electricity, shaft horsepower and cooling. More Info
All Turbine and System Products: Infinity Turbine ORD systems, turbine generator sets, build plans and more to use your waste heat from 30C to 100C. More Info
CO2 Phase Change Demonstrator: CO2 goes supercritical at 30 C. This is a experimental platform which you can use to demonstrate phase change with low heat. Includes integration area for small CO2 turbine, static generator, and more. This can also be used for a GTL Gas to Liquids experimental platform. More Info
Introducing the Infinity Turbine Products Infinity Turbine develops and builds systems for making power from waste heat. It also is working on innovative strategies for storing, making, and deploying energy. More Info
Need Strategy? Use our Consulting and analyst services Infinity Turbine LLC is pleased to announce its consulting and analyst services. We have worked in the renewable energy industry as a researcher, developing sales and markets, along with may inventions and innovations. More Info
Made in USA with Global Energy Millennial Web Engine These pages were made with the Global Energy Web PDF Engine using Filemaker (Claris) software.
Sand Battery Sand and Paraffin for TES Thermo Energy Storage More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)