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the assessment of the actual improvements provided by the proposed enhanced scenarios. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 The CS scenario has the aim of representing reality for most cases nowadays. Here, all the electricity, heat, and cooling demands are covered by electricity bought from the electric grid, a local BOI, and a local CC, respectively. In order to support the BOI and CC, heat and cooling storages were also considered (Figure 5). As observed, in this case, there is no connection among the users, i.e., there are no DHCN pipelines connecting them. This the assessment of the actual improvements provided by the proposed enhanced scenarios. Figure 5. Superstructure for the conventional solution. The ECS scenario refers to the most complete one proposed by Casisi et al. [6]. In this scenario (Figure 6), each user can own a set of polygeneration components to cover their demands and share energy with the other users within the EC (through the DHCN). The ECS scenario is also provided with a central unit which is also connected to the DHN (a scenario was included to serve as a base case for the other two scenarios, i.e., to help in T Th he e E EC CS S s sc ce en na ar riio o r re effe errs s tto o tth he e m mo os stt c co om mp plle ette e o on ne e p prro op po osseed d b by y C Ca assi issi i e ett a al l. . [[6 6]]. . I In n t th hi is s so that users have no direct connection with the electric grid. Instead, the electricity con- scenario (Figure 6), each user can own a sett off pollygenerattiion components to cover their nection of all nine users with the electric grid is managed by the distribution substation demands and share energy with the other users within the EC (through the DHCN). The demands and share energy with the other users within the EC (through the DHCN). The (EDCSS).sTcehneaDriSohisasatlshoe ptarsokvoidfecdovweirtihngatcheenetrleaclturincitywdheimchainsdaolsfoecaochnnuescetrebdytoeitherDbHuyNin(ga ECS scenario is also provided with a central unit which is also connected to the DHN (a idteftraoimledtheexeplleacntraitciognriodfothribsysturpanerssfteruricntugrtehieseplerectsreincitteydsiunrpSelucstiofrnom2).oHthoewruevser(,sa)cwruitchiianl detailed explanation of this superstructure is presented in Section 2). However, a crucial tlihme iEtaCti(otnheofmthetihs osdceonloagriyo is btheettelarcdkeoscf rsihbaerdining Seleeccttiroinci2ty.3a).mong the users. limitation of this scenario is the lack of sharing electricity among the users. For this reason, and based on the ECS scenario, the SES one (Figure 1) was developed so that users have no direct connection with the electric grid. Instead, the electricity con- nection of all nine users with the electric grid is managed by the distribution substation (DS). The DS has the task of covering the electricity demand of each user by either buying it from the electric grid or by transferring the electricity surplus from other user(s) within the EC (the methodology is better described in Section 2.3). 17 of 39 detailed explanation of this superstructure is presented in Section 2). However, a crucial Figure 5. Superstructure for the conventional solution. Figure 5. Superstructure for the conventional solution. limitation of this scenario is the lack of sharing electricity among the users. For this reason, and based on the ECS scenario, the SES one (Figure 1) was developed Figure 6. Superstructure for the complete distributed solution without sharing electricity. For this reason, and based on the ECS scenario, the SES one (Figure 1) was developed so that users have no direct connection with the electric grid. Instead, the electricity connection of all nine users with the electric grid is managed by the distribution substation (DS). The DS has the task of covering the electricity demand of each user by either buying it from the electric grid or by transferring the electricity surplus from other user(s) within the EC (the methodology is better described in Section 2.3). As specified in Section 3, the EC comprises nine users distributed throughout the city centre of Pordenone, Italy (Figure 3). The simulated ECS and SES scenarios also provided an optimal configuration for the pipelines of the DHCN (Figure 7), i.e., based on the minimization of the economic objective function, the optimizer decided which users can be interconnected and the amount of energy transferred through these pipelines.PDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
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