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Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 21 of 39 intended to only feed part of its cooling demand. In summary, on one hand, the optimal solution installed 12 ABS units for the ECS scenario (spread among five users), while, on the other hand, it installed 10 ABS units for the SES scenario (divided into two users). When it comes to HPs, the optimal solution increased the total installed capacity by 16% and also increased the total number of installed HP units by 25% when comparing the ECS and SES scenarios. In order to understand this result, it is essential to keep in mind the following: one of the main achievements (for the EC) derived from the implementation of the sharing electricity methodology presented in Section 2.5 was the increased amount of consumed electricity originated from self-production within the EC. To have a clearer picture of such a fact, the reader may look at Table 6. This table is divided into four sections dedicated to the electricity, heat, cooling, and fuel energy magnitudes. From the electricity section, it is possible to observe that, comparing the optimal results from the ECS and SES scenarios, the total electricity bought and sold by the EC decreased by 85% and 32%, respectively, when users are allowed to share electricity among each other. In other words, the EC is relying substantially less on the external electric grid to cover its electricity demands, and about 1/3 of the electricity sold in the scenario without sharing electricity is used within the EC based on sharing electricity. Table 5 shows the optimal configuration when it comes to the central unit and DHCN pipelines. The amount of heat transmitted through the central pipeline and the size of the solar thermal field installed in the central unit are, respectively, 26% and 16% higher for the scenario with sharing electricity. In fact, the optimal solution for the SES scenario reduced the installed capacities of cogeneration systems and boilers. User 7 (hospital), for example, did not receive MGT in the solution with sharing electricity. As user 7 makes part of the group of users connected with the central unit (Figure 7), and it is possible to infer that the reduction in cogeneration systems and BOIs had compensation, with more heat coming from the central unit. Regarding the number of DHCN pipelines, the reader is invited to refer to Section 4.1. Table 6 presents the optimal total energy magnitudes for the three scenarios. Rows- wise, the table is divided into four main sections concerning electricity, heat, cooling, and fuel figures. As mentioned in Section 4.1, the CS scenario comprises only BOIs, CCs, TStors and CStors, which means that the whole demand must be taken from the utility supplier. For this reason, the amount of electricity and gas that must be purchased is substantially higher when compared to the other scenarios. Consequently, the amount of CO2 emissions in this scenario is 44% and 49% higher when compared to the ECS and SES scenarios, respectively (see Table 7). Before analysing the ECS and SES scenarios, it is important to properly understand the meaning of the rows “Total IN” and “Total OUT” (Table 6). For the case of electricity, the first one means the total amount produced locally (by the EC) plus the amount purchased from the electric grid. The second one means the amount of electricity required by the CCs and HPs plus the total electricity sold to the grid. As observed in Table 6, the total electricity IN, for the scenario with sharing electricity (SES), is 8.5% lower compared to the one without sharing electricity (ECS), while the total electricity OUT is 24% lower. If the focus is kept only on the electricity bought/sold from/to the grid (SES scenario), it is possible to see that they were 85%/32% lower, respectively, if compared to the ECS scenario. This result shows the effect on the energy dispatch in the electric grid, i.e., less electricity is allocated to the grid by the EC and less electricity must be found in the grid in order to cover the EC demand. With the aim to make the effect on the electricity exchange more evident to the reader, Figures 8 and 9 were included to demonstrate the behaviour of the electricity bought and sold throughout a year. Figure 8 represents the electricity exchange between the EC and the electric grid for the scenario without sharing electricity (ECS), while Figure 9 represents the scenario with sharing electricity (SES). Since the hourly behaviour of an entire year is represented by 12 months made of two typical days each (working and non-working days), the total number of hours presented in both graphs is 576.PDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
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