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Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 24 of 39 Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 a reduction of 80 k€/y (−3.4%). Such a decrease was achieved by reductions in the installed components (with consequent decline of the maintenance and investment costs), number of DCN pipelines, and NG consumed by cogeneration systems. Another important contributor to such a reduction was the decreased total annual cost with electricity bought from the grid. The EC based on sharing electricity spent 85% less money buying less electricity from the grid, which allowed saving around 33 k€/y. The revenue from selling electricity to the grid was 32% lower; however, it is compensated by the higher self-consumption electricity within the EC. Despite such a total cost diminution, the total operation cost increased by 20% due to the higher amount of NG consumed by BOIs. The situation regarding the total emissions was also improved. Dealing with the same comparison of scenarios, the total emissions derived from the electricity bought from the grid was reduced in 70 t CO2/y (−85%), while the total emissions from NG combustion was reduced in 858 t CO2/y (−9%). This last figure highlights the lower emissions at local level, i.e., the EC tends to burn less NG with the implementation of sharing electricity. Such a fact is made more evident with the sensitive analysis performed for the SES scenario 26 of 41 (next section). Since the saved emissions due to electricity sold to the grid was also reduced (−32%), the effect on the total annual emissions was not so large. The implementation of the SES scenario allowed for a reduction of 280.1 t CO2/y (−4%) in the total annual emissions. 4.3. Sensitive Analysis of the Sharing Electricity Solution 4.3. Sensitive Analysis of the Sharing Electricity Solution This section aims to investigate the performance behaviour of the EC, based on shar- This section aims to investigate the performance behaviour of the EC, based on sharing ing electricity (SES scenario), when the prices of the utilities are altered. The optimization electricity (SES scenario), when the prices of the utilities are altered. The optimization model receives, as inputs, the utility prices for gas, electricity bought, and electricity sold. model receives, as inputs, the utility prices for gas, electricity bought, and electricity sold. As explained in Section 3, the price for gas is divided into two categories: gas for CHP As explained in Section 3, the price for gas is divided into two categories: gas for CHP components (ICEs and MGTs) and gas for BOIs. As shown in Figure 10, six scenarios were components (ICEs and MGTs) and gas for BOIs. As shown in Figure 10, six scenarios were created to simulate variations in the utility prices and to compare these variations with created to simulate variations in the utility prices and to compare these variations with the the original sharing electricity scenario (SES). original sharing electricity scenario (SES). Figure 10. Illustration of the original scenario (SES) plus the six additional ones where the sensitive Figure 10. Illustration of the original scenario (SES) plus the six additional ones where the sensitive analysis was based. analysis was based. The original scenario (SES) was configured with the following utility prices (Figure 10): The original scenario (SES) was configured with the following utility prices (Figure 0.045 €/kWh for gas-feeding CHP components, 0.06 €/kWh for gas-feeding boilers, 0.17 €/kWh 10): 0.045 €/kWh for gas-feeding CHP components, 0.06 €/kWh for gas-feeding boilers, for electricity bought, and 0.10 €/kWh for electricity sold. The sensitive scenarios were 0.17 €/kWh for electricity bought, and 0.10 €/kWh for electricity sold. The sensitive scenar- divided essentially into two categories: SE30 for price variations of 30% and SE60 for price ios were divided essentially into two categories: SE30 for price variations of 30% and SE60 variations of 60%. Then, these two categories were distributed into three subcategories: “a” for price variations of 60%. Then, these two categories were distributed into three subcat- (variations only in the price of electricity sold), “b” (variations only in the price of gas and egories: “a” (variations only in the price of electricity sold), “b” (variations only in the electricity bought), and “c” (variations “a” and “b” together). For an easier understanding, price of gas and electricity bought), and “c” (variations “a” and “b” together). For an easier Table 8 presents the values of the utility prices for each scenario. understanding, Table 8 presents the values of the utility prices for each scenario. Table 8. Utility prices for the original scenario (SES) plus the six additional ones. All values ex- pressed in €/kWh. Scenarios Gas (CHP) Gas (BOI) Electricity Electricity Sold BoughtPDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
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