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Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 28 of 39 Sustainability 2022, 14, 10125 A possible reason is the substantial increase in heat storage in the central unit (Figure 13). Although the heat storage at the user’s level decreases in a range between 5% and 24%, the heat storage at the central unit increases by up to 100%. This higher storage capacity can compensate for the necessity of burning more gas to obtain the desired amount of heat. This effect is even more evident for the sub-DHN made up by the buildings 7–9, for which total heat demand amounts to 87% of the total heat demand of the entire EC. These buildings aredirectlyconnectedtothecentralunitthroughoneofthetwosub-DHN(Figure307)o,fa4n1d this is the main reason why the optimization result suggests such an increase in the heat storage of the central unit, as well as an increase in the STp installed in the central unit, as explained next. Solar thermal panels (STp) should be evaluated at both user (Figure 12) and central Solar thermal panels (STp) should be evaluated at both user (Figure 12) and central level (Figure 13). Moreover, two crucial aspects should be kept in mind: the model is con- level (Figure 13). Moreover, two crucial aspects should be kept in mind: the model is figured to install more PVp than STp at user level; and there is a restriction regarding the configured to install more PVp than STp at user level; and there is a restriction regarding total available rooftop area at user location. This can be observed in Figures 11 and 12, i.e., the total available rooftop area at user location. This can be observed in Figures 11 and 12, a lot more PVp are installed to the detriment of STp, except for scenarios SE30a and SE60a. i.e., a lot more PVp are installed to the detriment of STp, except for scenarios SE30a and Therefore, the alteration only in the price of electricity sold results in more heat and elec- SE60a. Therefore, the alteration only in the price of electricity sold results in more heat and tricity being obtained from ICEs (Table 9), i.e., the optimizer concludes that it is more eco- electricity being obtained from ICEs (Table 9), i.e., the optimizer concludes that it is more nomically advantageous to give more fuel to the ICEs rather than installing PVp and STp. economically advantageous to give more fuel to the ICEs rather than installing PVp and Nevertheless, the total heat produced by STp (Table 9) increased by 58%, on average, for STp. Nevertheless, the total heat produced by STp (Table 9) increased by 58%, on average, the six sensitive scenarios in comparison with the two reference ones. Figure 13 adds ad- for the six sensitive scenarios in comparison with the two reference ones. Figure 13 adds ditional pieces of information to explain this fact. As noted, the installed capacity of STp additional pieces of information to explain this fact. As noted, the installed capacity of STp in the central unit also increased by around 58%, which provides a great amount of heat in the central unit also increased by around 58%, which provides a great amount of heat to to be distributed to users through the DHN. be distributed to users through the DHN. Figure 14 shows the behaviour of the total cost of electricity bought and total revenue Figure 14 shows the behaviour of the total cost of electricity bought and total revenue obtained from electricity sold to the grid by the entire EC. What stands out in the figure is obtained from electricity sold to the grid by the entire EC. What stands out in the figure is the influence that the implementation of sharing electricity among users (by comparing the influence that the implementation of sharing electricity among users (by comparing ECS and SES scenarios) imposes on the overall performance of the EC. The SES scenario ECS and SES scenarios) imposes on the overall performance of the EC. The SES scenario allowed the EC to spend 85% less money per year by buying less electricity from the grid, allowed the EC to spend 85% less money per year by buying less electricity from the grid, although the revenue from electricity sold to the grid decreased by 32%. However, this although the revenue from electricity sold to the grid decreased by 32%. However, this lower income is an indication that the EC is using a higher percentage of the self-produced lower income is an indication that the EC is using a higher percentage of the self-produced electricity to feed its members. electricity to feed its members. 562.2 39.4 380.4 6.0 2.6 8.9 5.8 0.0 12.5 35.5 14.6 6.3 29.9 5.1 13.1 0.0 ECS SES SE30a SE60a SE30b SE60b SE30c SE60c Total cost electricity bought (k€/y) Total revenue electricity sold (k€/y) Figure 14. Total annual cost of electricity bought and sold by the EC. Sensitive analysis for the two Figure 14. Total annual cost of electricity bought and sold by the EC. Sensitive analysis for the two reference scenarios (ECS and SES) plus the results for six additional scenarios. reference scenarios (ECS and SES) plus the results for six additional scenarios. Figure 14 also presents the behaviour of the six sensitive scenarios for the EC. It is Figure 14 also presents the behaviour of the six sensitive scenarios for the EC. It is apparent from this figure that the variation on the utility prices plays an important role apparent from this figure that the variation on the utility prices plays an important role in in the amount of electricity exchanged between EC and electric grid. As explained in the the amount of electricity exchanged between EC and electric grid. As explained in the assessment of Figure 11, the variation of utility prices tends to guide the optimization to a assessment of Figure 11, the variation of utility prices tends to guide the optimization to solution where a greater amount of self-produced electricity is used within the EC. a solution where a greater amount of self-produced electricity is used within the EC. Still, in Figure 14, the EC buys and sells very few amounts of electricity in the SE30a and SE60a scenarios. As shown in Table 9, the “Total electricity IN” for these two scenarios is around 15% lower when compared to the SES scenario. This is directly related to the lower electricity produced from ICEs. With the lower price for selling electricity, the opti- mizer finds that there is no longer advantage on selling electricity produced by ICEs. In-PDF Image | Optimal Sharing Electricity and Thermal Energy
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