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Photochem 2022, 2 700 a reversible intersystem crossing) and relax from this singlet excited state. TADF molecules have the lowest-lying excitation band ideally situated in the perfect range of the solar spectrum required for MOST systems, at lower wavelengths than typical phosphorescent molecules (480–550 nm) and higher wavelengths than fluorescent molecules (330–380 nm). TADF molecules were originally built around a benzophenone core structure, with the addition of carbazole and diphenylamine moieties being common, wherein keto groups are in a co-planar position relative to aromatic moieties [48]. This co-planarity effect enhances the overlap between n and π* states, creating a very small singlet–triplet energy gap. A new promising approach was attempted linking thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules like phenoxazine–triphenyltriazine (PXZ-TRZ) to NBD moieties, where red- shifted absorption peaks were in the 400–430 nm range [49]. Moreover, NBD molecules were substituted onto these structures with an increased conjugation as a possible solution to maximize the low-energy storage density of a single NBD unit. Figure 2. List of NBD derivatives with absorption maxima in the 300–400 nm range. Despite the copious publications using the NBD/QC photoswitch, the optimal system has not been devised yet. The prime-substituted NBD has a red-shifted absorption of 59 nm, yet it has an increase in molar mass of 131 g/mol, inevitably reducing the energy density by 13.3 kJ/mol. The energy density of unsubstituted NBDs to the present date still outcompetes the prime-substituted NBD by a margin of 13% [50]. To implement an NBD/QC MOST photoswitch that absorbs in the 350–450 nm region into practical applications will entail a compromise of 20 kJ/mol of storage energy for a better fitting with the solar spectrum, especially considering that, when moving to highly absorbing materials like NBD, a major fraction of light will nonetheless be converted to heat. Controlling thermal fluxes at the surface is not only required to keep the photoisomer stable, but it is also a safety mechanism essential in energy storage devices like batteries to prohibit overheating under working conditions. Utilizing waste heat by coupling a heat exchanger to the final device will prevent local temperature extremes and maintain a truly closed MOST system [44].PDF Image | Overview of Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage
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