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Mathematics 2022, 10, 3167 3 of 27 with the refrigeration cycle. The prescribed delivery route profile, along with traffic and environmental information, are incorporated into the algorithm to predict the cooling demand. Furthermore, Schalbart et al. present an MPC strategy to the management of an ice-cream warehouse refrigeration system coupled to a TES tank [23]. The controller is based on a steady-state refrigeration cycle model and energy balances on the TES tank and the warehouse. In this work, a novel hybrid configuration, that comprises a PCM-based TES tank especially designed to complement an existing refrigeration system, is analysed from the point of view of energy management. The layout, shown in Figure 1, is slightly different to that usually applied in the aforementioned works, due to the features of the original refrigeration facility. TES expansion valve Expansion valve Cooling demand Pump TES Pump Condenser Evaporator TES Tank Warm secondary fluid Cold secondary fluid Low-pressure refrigerant High-pressure refrigerant Cold air Warm air Compressor A Chamber Figure 1. Layout of the refrigeration system with cold-energy storage. (TES denotes thermal energy storage). As depicted in Figure 1, the fluid to be cooled (hereinafter referred to as secondary fluid) is pumped from a tank, which represents the refrigerated chamber, both to the evaporator and to the TES tank, and it is then recirculated to the chamber. An electric resistance is used at this tank to produce heat and simulate the cooling demand, which must be satisfied by both secondary fluid streams. The vapour-compression cycle transfers cold energy to the evaporator by cooling the secondary fluid, but the refrigerant also circulates through the TES tank while charging it, being the latter the cold HTF in this case. The secondary fluid also circulates through the TES tank while discharging it, and thus the warm HTF does not match the cold HTF, as a very relevant difference with respect to the packed bed technology. The layout of the TES tank comprises a number of PCM cylinders and two bundles of pipes, one corresponding to the refrigerant and the other to the secondary fluid, all of them bathed in the so-called intermediate fluid. This TES setup is very similar to that described in a recent work by Bejarano et al. [24], the PCM encapsulation being the only relevant difference. To the authors’ knowledge, this setup is novel and the cold-energy management and economic potential offered to industrial refrigeration facilities is first analysed in this work, which represents one of the main contributions of the article. This configuration involves several operating modes, according to the manipulation of the expansion valves and pumps, that enable/disable the different fluid streams and make the system hybrid, in addition to its inherent non-linear features.PDF Image | Refrigeration Systems with Thermal Energy Storage
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