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Mathematics 2022, 10, 3167 6 of 27 Engineering and Automatic Control at the University of Seville (Spain) [25,27], which works with R404a as refrigerant and a 60% in volume propylene glycol aqueous solution as the secondary fluid. The models and parameters of the refrigeration cycle elements are described in detail in [28]. Figure 2 shows only a section of this facility, including a one-stage, one-load-demand refrigeration cycle where the TES tank is arranged in parallel with the evaporator. Main compressor PT TT FT TT TT TES Pump Figure 2. Layout of the TES-backed-up refrigeration plant under study. Two bundles of pipes run through the TES tank, corresponding to the refrigerant and the secondary fluid, respectively. An additional expansion valve is added to drive the refrigerant from the condenser (labelled as TES EEV in Figure 2), whereas an additional pump is needed to impulse the secondary fluid from the refrigerated chamber (labelled as TES Pump). Notice that the elements defined in [28] as the main compressor, the air condenser, the evaporator related to the refrigerated chamber at −20 ◦C, and the corre- sponding expansion valve EEV2 are considered in this configuration, whereas the TES EEV is assumed to be identical to EEV2. Further technical details about the embedding of the TES tank are described in [24]. 2.3. TES Tank Configuration The TES tank setup is shown in Figure 3, where the relevant inputs, outputs, and states are highlighted. A number of steel cylinders enclose the PCM, while two bundles of pipes distribute the refrigerant and secondary fluid streams in a counter-current configuration, in such a way that homogeneous heat transfer is achieved. The intermediate fluid (fea- turing high thermal conductivity and low heat capacity) bathes all cylinders and pipes to homogenise heat transfer. TT PT FT TT Pump Fan condenser TT Accumulator Filter/Dryer Bubble viewer TES EEV EEV Liquid line PT TT Evaporator Chamber R TES Tank TT Air-cooled PT TTPDF Image | Refrigeration Systems with Thermal Energy Storage
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