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1204 A. Hesaraki et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43 (2015) 1199–1213 for the heat pump (exclusively or in addition to the other source), and heat pump’s functionality depends on the solar collector’s operation. The solar collector can directly act as a source for a heat pump, or indirectly via heat storage [57]. This configuration had a better performance in terms of COP of the heat pump compared to the parallel case [62]. In the parallel case, the collector and heat pump worked independently and there was no interaction between heat pump and solar collector. The collector was used mainly for DHW production and also for space heating and heat storage, and the heat pump was used as an auxiliary system for heating. However, in series-parallel configurations, if the tempera- ture produced by the solar collector is high enough for demand, e. g. for space heating or DHW, it goes directly to those requirements, and the heat pump is not in operation. If not, the solar collector or thermal storage acts as heat source for the heat pump. Based on the temperature produced by the solar collector or stored heat in the storage, different operational modes can be introduced in series-parallel configuration, see Table 3. 4.1. Hot water tank storage with heat pump (HWTS-HP) The structure of HWTS-HP is shown in Fig. 4. Theoretical study by Ucar and Inalli [63] evaluated one, 50, and 500 buildings with Fig. 2. Series connection of solar collector and heat pump. Fig. 3. Parallel connection between solar collector and heat pump. Operation mode of STES-HP based on the temperature produced by solar collector. HWTS-HP in Turkey. The evaluation was based on finding the optimal area of solar collector and storage volume with the highest possibility of solar fraction and saving. In addition, Yumrutas and Unsal [57] developed an analytical model to predict the HWTS temperature and COP of the heat pump based on the ground properties, year of operation, storage tank volume and collector area. The investigation was for a single family house with 100 m2 floor area. The results showed that after 5 years of operation for well-buried storage the stored temperature varied between 14 and 40 1C and the mean annual COP of the heat pump was 6. This result was for a system with storage tank volume of 300 m3 and 20 m2 of collector area. The performance of HWTS-HP was also experimentally eval- uated for large applications [64–68]. In Sweden [64] the Lambohov HWTS-HP system with 2700 m2 collector area and 1000 m3 storage volume was designed to supply 100% of space heating and DHW demand for 55 residential buildings. However, due to high heat loss and high vapour transport through the walls caused by wet thermal insulation the actual solar fraction was only 37% [11]. This result revealed the vital role of storage hot water tank insulation for long term performance. In addition, the first STES in Denmark was built as HWTS-HP in Herlev. It aimed to supply 74% of total heating demand and DHW for 92 houses. However, the real performance showed that only 35% [69] of the total demand was covered by this system. The reason was that a high leakage problem occurred in the first year of operation. Another recent HWTS-HP system was built in Munich [67,68] with 5700m3 storage volume and 2900 m2 solar collector area. The aim was to cover 47% of total heating demand of 300 apartments by solar energy. In this project the construction cost was lower than other systems due to improvement in stratification devices and thermal insulation. 4.2. Water-gravel pit storage with heat pump (WGPS-HP) Fig. 5 shows the configuration of a typical WGPS-HP system. In Germany the first seasonal large-scale storage was water-gravel pit storage with heat pump [42]. This system consisted of a 211 m2 solar collector and 1050 m3 storage volume, and was located on Fig. 4. Hot water tank thermal storage with a heat pump and solar collectors. Table 3 Temperature by solar collector Greater than 50 1C Between 20 and 50 1C Between 5 and 20 1C Less than 5 1C Solar collector To produce heat directly for DHW To produce heat directly for heating depending on heating system As a source for evaporator of heat pump Not in use Heat pump Not in use Not in use In operation with high COP In operation Seasonal thermal energy storage No extraction, charging mode when the demand is satisfied No extraction, charging mode when the demand is satisfied No extraction, charging mode when the demand is satisfied Discharging mode, as a heat source of heat pump or directly used for DHW or heatingPDF Image | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43
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