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Table 4 (continued ) Energy demand (GJ) Langen, 1,600 Germany Total heating area (m2) type of the building 44,500, Office 4,223, Sanatorium 9,200, Residential area 3,500, 58 Apartments 3,200, Office and garage 180, Single family house 7,000, Multifamily house 12800, Multifamily house 30,470, Office building 440 Beds hospital 1,400, Supermarket 225 Houses 6,200, 30 Single-family 3,756, 44 Flats Collector area (m2) 245 2,727 490 520 1,275 980 – 750 – – 1,275 836 1,100 Storage TES Mean COP, Saving, volume (m3) temp. heating/cooling SF (%) Application Refs. [83] [83] [10,65] [65,73] [65] [72] [13,132,79] [76] [22,133,78] [77] [75] [134] [82,83] [81,65] Attenkirchen, 1,753 German Kerava, 2,000 Finland Heating, Heating, DHW DHW A. Hesaraki et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43 (2015) 1199–1213 1209 (1C) Lesnik, Poland Treviglio, Italy Kullavik, 1,116 Sweden Vaulruz, 1,228 Switzerland France ATES-HP Rostock, 1,789 Germany Tehran, Iran 1,900 Scarborough, 21,312 Canada Antwerp, 22,100 Belgium 3.1 37 43,000 4–30 4.2 72 8,100 o55 60 3,300 7–53 54 4–16 3.75 68 20,000 10–50 4 62 337,080 3–14 5/17 530,000 4–50 5–6 46 8–18 5.6/26.1 86 o18 4.18 36 85,000 4–14 3.9 66 500þ9,350 15–50 4.15 74 1500þ11,000 21–49 3.3 26 Heating Heating, DHW Heating, DHW Heating, DHW Heating, cooling, DHW Heating, DHW Heating, cooling Heating, cooling, DHW Heating, cooling Heating, cooling Mersin, Turkey France, Aulnay HWTS þ DTES- HP 8,900 6,826 3456 6 Heating, cooling Fig. 9. COP of heat pump and solar fraction vs. ratio of storage volume in water equivalent to energy demand for different seasonal thermal energy storage systems. Fig. 10. COP of heat pump and solar fraction vs. a ratio of collector area to energy demand. and solar fraction gradually tapered off [45] until the storage volume became sufficient to store all heat collected by solar collector. In high latitude countries the size of the storage tank is very important as the seasonal variation of solar energy is considerable [126]. The size of seasonal storage is more important, however, in northern climates for providing a large SF [85]. Increasing the collector area would affect both COP and SF. Larger collector area would capture more solar energy leading to a higher solar fraction. Beckman et al. [127] showed an approxi- mately linear trend for solar collector area and solar fraction in a solar heating system. This trend was also confirmed in a solar- assisted heat pump, by Freeman et al. [62]. In addition, increasing the collector area would increase the average storage temperature [62] which acts as a source for the heat pump. Therefore, increasing collector area favours the heat pump in terms of higher COP [124].PDF Image | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43
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