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Energies 2017, 10, 1873 11 of 12 May was due to the warmer than average weather experienced in Palmer, Alaska compared to the simulated TMY2 data for Anchorage, Alaska. 5. Conclusions We presented the first experimental study of sand-bed thermal storage conducted in a region with extended freezing periods. A two-story house located in Palmer, Alaska, 61.6◦ N, and 149.1◦ W was built with sand-bed thermal energy storage. The home is equipped with evacuated tube solar thermal collectors, which provided the thermal energy to the sand-bed. A normally unoccupied garage, 6.502 m (21′−4′′) by 8.331 m (27′−4′′), 10.2 cm (4′′) floor was composed of a 10.2 cm (4′′)-thick concrete slab, 29.7 cm (11′′)-thick fine sand and 38.1 cm (15′′) of pit-run gravel. This structure was used as a thermal storage. Fourteen weeks of data were collected from the solar thermal energy sand-bed storage system. TRNSYS simulated temperature of the sand-bed temperature compared very well to the measured one. The difference between the maximum measured and simulated temperatures was found to be 15%, while the difference between the average measured and simulated temperatures was 4.7%. The measured garage and sand-bed temperatures suggest that such types of solar thermal storage systems are viable options for climates in regions with long periods of freezing temperatures despite ASHRAE recommendations [8]. In subsequent papers, we present detailed energy analysis and 5-year simulation results. Monitoring work will continue for several years. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the ASME Alaska chapter whose funding made this research possible. Their generous donation purchased almost all the sensors and data logging equipment necessary to complete the research. Author Contributions: Getu Hailu: Thesis Supervisor, paper writing; Philip Hayes; MASc student, all the Thesis work, Mark Masteller: Complete experimental home design and construction. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. National Science and Technology Council Subcommittee on Building Technology. Available online: http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/ (accessed on 21 June 2017). 2. International Energy Agency (IEA). Report on World Energy Outlook. Available online: www.worldenergyoutlook.org/energyclimatemap (accessed on 21 June 2017). 3. Philibert, C. Three Reasons Why Renewable Energy Is So Important to the Power Industry. Available online: http://www.gepowerconversion.com/inspire/three-reasons-why-renewable-energy- so-important-power-industry#sthash.xVoDxO9M.dpuf (accessed on 23 June 2017). 4. Edenhofer, O.; Madruga, R.P.; Sokona, Y. Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Clim. Policy 2012, 6. [CrossRef] 5. Tatsidjodoung, P.; Le Pierres, N.; Luo, L. A review of potential materials for thermal energy storage in building applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 18, 327–349. [CrossRef] 6. Garg, H.P.; Mullick, S.C.; Bhargava, V.K. Solar Thermal Energy Storage; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1985; pp. 82–153. ISBN 978-94-009-5301-7. 7. Pinel, P.; Cruickshank, C.A.; Beausoleil-Morrison, I.; Wills, A. A review of available methods for seasonal storage of solar thermal energy in residential applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 3341–3359. [CrossRef] 8. HVAC Applications. In ASHRAE Handbook; 33.16, 33.18; ASHRAE: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2003. 9. Ghosal, M.K.; Tiwari, G.N.; Das, D.K.; Pandy, K.P. Modeling and comparative thermal performance of ground air collector and earth air heat exchanger for heating of greenhouse. Energy Build. 2005, 37, 613–621. [CrossRef] 10. Bruch, A.; Fourmigue, J.F.; Couturier, R. Experimental and numerical investigation of a pilot-scale thermal oil packed bed thermal storage system for CSP power plant. Sol. Energy 2014, 105, 116–125. [CrossRef] 11. Phueakphum, D.; Fuenkajorn, K. A rock fills based solar thermal energy storage system for housing. ScienceAsia 2010, 36, 237–243. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Sand-Bed Storage in Alaska
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