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The hot water tank is one of the best known thermal energy storage technologies. The hot water tank serves the purpose of saving energy when applied to, e.g., a solar tap water system or an energy supply system with cogeneration. The major aim of an electrically heated hot water tank in a tap water system is to shave the peak in electricity demand and consequently improve the efficiency of electricity supply. Water tank storage technology has become mature and reliable; Figure 5a and b. Storage as sensible heat in water is still unbeaten regarding simplicity and cost. Further development of water storage could be focus on improving the storage efficiency by means of ensuring optimum stratification in the tank and vacuum insulation. 4.1 Design of water heat storage and system integration The implementation of thermal storage in a heating system is of great importance for effective use of the intermittent solar radiation. Water tank concepts are one-storage and multi-storage systems adjusted to loading and discharging strategies with collector characteristics and the heat demand. Through thermal layers and loading of several storages according to priorities, respectively, a favourable as possible adjustment between solar heat and the effect of the solar installation is aimed at. This type of storage represents an ideal thermal storage. The inlet/outlet levels can be changed and may be considered as an advanced solar system for domestic hot water and space heating concept. Thermally stratified water tanks improve the annual system efficiency by about 20% and more. Figure 6 illustrate the principles of storage concepts. For the thermal storage of solar energy via sensible heat storage short-term storage, mid-term and long-term storage, dependent on storage capacity, are offered. Energy storage for intermittent thermal sources such as solar heating is important as the storage demand may be quite long. Especially, if the solar heating system is intended to provide a high solar fraction, i.e. most of the heat supplied over the whole year is solar heat, thermal storage becomes very important and challenging. The storage need in a solar system is often determined by the ratio of the maximum to minimum monthly solar radiation; Figure 7. When the max-min ratio is less than 5, even wintertime solar may be enough to provide the heat load whereas values higher than 10 means such a large fluctuation that seasonal storage or back-up system is necessary. In high northern-Europe, the winter solar radiation falls under the utilization limit. • Short-term storage The storage volume (hot water tank) of a solar hot water system will generally be between 1,5 and 2,0 times of the daily hot water demand. With short-term storage, too, a sufficient insulation has to be provided to minimize the heat losses within the system. The efficiency of a solar thermal system is to a large extend defined by the heat demand (amount of hot water). With increasing heat demand the heat output per collector area rises and thus the heat costs are reduced. Figure 8 shows the design of collector area and storage volume for hot water preparation in an apartment house, and Figure 9 illustrates the relations of collector output and solar share. With the increase of the number of flats and thus the increase of hot water demand the specific collector area output rises, whereby the heat production costs decrease. The 4PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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