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relation between collector area and heat costs is shown in Figure 10 for a detached house. These relations give important advices for an energy-economic design of solar hot water systems. The solar share for hot water preparation should be about 50% to 70% (single-family-house) and about 40% to 50% (apartment house) in the annual average, which means that in summer the solar share rises up to 80% and more. To reach this aim, collector area and storage volume have to be planned according to Figure 9 and Figure 10. • Mid-term storage for solar supported district heating In order to cover the heat demand for hot water in district heating outside the heating season mainly by solar systems a thermal storage with a capacity for 3 to 5 days has to be installed; Figure 11; housing estate Gneiss-Moos/Salzburg. Even if, according to project data of a solar supported district heating plant - Figure 12 a and 12b -, the solar share for space heating and hot water preparation at the annual average is of about 14 %, the solar share for hot water preparation outside the heating season is more than 80%. • Mid-term storage for solar supported space heating systems Mid-term storage are used for solar combined heating systems: Solar-Combisystems. The solar contribution, i.e. the part of the heating demand met by solar energy varies from 10% for some systems up to 100% for others, depending on the size of the solar collector, the storage volume, the hot water consumption, the heat load of the building and the climate; Figure 13. The design of collector area and storage volume as well as the storage strategy are of great importance for both the system-efficiency and the solar contribution. If the solar system is combined with a space heating system, the collector area as well as the storage volume have to be increased. In this case there exists some unused solar heat in the period without space heat demand. An efficient use of solar heat can be reached if an additional heat demand exists during the summer period. Typical examples are the operation of an outdoor swimming pools or the heating up of soil by operating a solar supported ground-coupled heat pump system. In cold climates as well as in alpine areas solar heat will provide the living quality also during the summer period. In countries such as Switzerland, Austria and Sweden in which solar combisystems are preferably coupled with a biomass boiler, larger systems with high fractional energy savings are encountered. Typical systems for a single-family house consist of 15 m2 up to 30 m2 of collector area and a 1 m3 to 3 m3 of storage tank. The share of the heating demand met by solar energy is between 20% and 60 %; Figure 14. Combining solar heating systems with short-term heat storage and high standards of thermal insulation allows the heating requirements of a single- or multi-family dwelling to be met at acceptable costs. Compared with systems using seasonal storage (the costs of which are currently not affordable for single-family houses), this combination provides a cost-effective system with high efficiency. Generally, all conventional heating systems can be combined with solar systems. For Sustainable Housing renewable energy sources should be favoured. There exist three options. 5PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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