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Combination with: • biomass boiler, e.g. pellets-boiler • heat pump system, e.g. ground-coupled • heat recovery system with air-heat pump, preheated through a ground heat exchanger. New products on the market are integrated water storage for solar thermal collectors and gas- burner (Figure 15) as well as pellets burner; Figure 16 a and b. • Long-term storage for solar space heating Because of the discrepancy between solar radiation and space heat demand monovalent solar space heating in cold and temperate climates is only possible if a long-term thermal storage with a heat capacity of at least six months in existing housing and of about four month in low-energy housing is provided. The application of hot water storage (water tanks made of concrete or steel) for seasonal storage require, even for a one-family house in low-energy building standard, a storage volume of about 80 m3 in combination with a collector area of about 80 m2. Figure 17 shows the energy balance of a solar system with seasonal storage for a one-family house. It was possible to realize a few pilot projects in Austria, for a market penetration on a large scale the costs are too high. To increase the solar fraction in the traditional active solar heating system for a residential housing, would in practice require larger storage capacities than usually used. If for instance all of the heating demand load of a well-insulated house would be supplied by a up-to-date active solar heating system, a 25 m2 collector area and 85m3 storage water tank with 100 cm insulation around would be; Figure 18. This example demonstrates well the present technological state for single houses: the solar collector technology is already sufficient, but the storage technology is still too primitive and needs major improvements. Improving the energy storage capacity of the storage unit would also dramatically improve the practical possibilities for storage. The chemical storage concepts discussed earlier may thus be quite relevant in this context. Through improved materials and collector technology, it may be perceived that collectors could be better optimized for low solar radiation conditions, i.e. especially for wintertime conditions. An analysis on the effect of the collector technology on the storage requirement is shown in Figure 19 where the required collector area and storage volume to fully satisfy the remaining heat load of a low energy house (6 MWh/a) through active solar heating is given. With a 70% solar fraction, the storage volume would drop to about one half. It is clearly seen that the collector area needed to supply the solar heat is less affected when U < 2.0 W/(m2,K), whereas the storage requirement decreases steadily with improved collectors. For seasonal storage with a larger storage volume the conditions are better. Therefore solar systems with seasonal storage for settlements in combination with district heating have a better potential in the future. The reason for that is that the specific collector area and storage volume can be reduced with a higher heat demand. Higher efficiency of solar system and reduced specific installations costs lead to lower heat production costs. Nevertheless, the heat production costs are still twice as high as the costs for conventional heating systems. 6PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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