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6. Central solar heating plants with seasonal storage Due to technical and economic reasons, seasonal storage of solar heating is economic mainly on larger scale, i.e. for a group of houses utilizing a common large-scale heat storage through district heating. One important advantage of a large size is that the relative heat losses decrease with increasing size. The relative heat losses are proportional to the perimeter area/volume, or, V2/3/V = V-1/3. Therefore as V→ ∞, the relative losses → 0. Central solar heating plants with seasonal storage (abbr. CSHPPS) are a promising solar heating technology for large-scale use of solar energy and this technology is already approaching cost-effectiveness in some applications. It may also be applied to old building stock and with other heat energy sources such as waste heat or biomass. Seasonal storage solar heating technologies have been studied intensively in several northern countries and have also been a part of international collaborative work within the framework of the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme. The national and international efforts over the last ten years have resulted in major improvements in technology and economics. Also, the concerns in the environment and the very recent disturbances in the world oil markets have brought the large-scale solar technology closer to realization. Solar heating plant with seasonal storage may distinguish between a decentralized and a centralized approach; Figure 20 and Figure 21. In a decentralized approach, the storage and collectors are placed within the individual houses like in an ordinary active solar heating system but of a larger size. In the centralized concepts, these components are centrally situated, i.e. all solar heat is collected in one storage unit, from which the heat is distributed to the houses. The major advantage of having a centralized system is the reduced unit costs and heat losses from the storage. In general, a centralized system may make better use of the economy of scale (unit prices drop with the size) than a decentralized one. Compared to an ordinary active solar heating system, the major technological difference is in the heat distribution and the storage. Large-scale storage is necessary for high yearly solar utilization and can be realized mainly through storage types employing either water or ground as the storage medium. Except for the on-ground water tank, all storage techniques are subsurface. Figure 22 demonstrates the different large-scale sensible heat technologies available. Concepts like earth pits or rock caverns are large water reservoirs built into ground. Aquifer storage employs the storage capacity of water mixed ground. The aquifer storage is very simple and needs only a few wells to operate. Vertical pipes may be laid into ground enabling use of the thermal capacity of ground. Ground heat storage may also be employed effectively through heat pumps yielding a larger ∆T. The most frequently used "seasonal" thermal storage technology, which makes use of the underground, is Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage; Figure 23. This technology uses a natural underground layer (e.g. sand, sandstone, or chalk layer) as a storage medium for the temporary storage of heat or cold. The transfer of thermal energy is realized by extracting groundwater from the layer and by re-injecting it at the modified temperature level at a separate location nearby. A major condition for the application of this technology is the availability of a suitable geologic formation. 7PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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