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Other technologies for underground thermal energy storage are borehole storage, cavern storage and pit storage; Figure 24. Pit storages are mainly used for offices and housing estates. Ground heat exchangers are also frequently used in combination with heat pumps, where the ground heat exchanger extracts low-temperature heat from the soil. Large underground water storage (e.g. cavern storage and pit storage) are technically feasible, but their application is still limited because of the high level of investment required. The concept of seasonal storage may be applied generally almost everywhere, but the following limitations or requirements should be noticed: • the design is site specific and requires careful design and sizing • large-scale application, i.e. for loads over 500-1000 MWh/yr • a yearly design solar fraction should be 70-80% of the total load • the subsurface storage technologies are site dependent • the project involves high investments and low running costs • largest cost savings may be obtained already in the pre-design phase through careful system evaluation and component sizing. For storage operation, two major cases can be identified: a high temperature storage from, which heat can be discharged directly into the houses, and a low temperature storage, for which a heat pump is needed for discharging. Normally, water-based storages operate at higher temperatures (up to 95°C) and ground storages at a lower temperature with a heat pump. In case of a heat pump use, the storage may operate at a lower average temperature but still have the same temperature swing (i.e. storage capacity) as a high temperature storage. Consequently, the collector performance would be better and the storage heat losses lower. Heat distribution is accomplished through a district heating pipeline delivering heat to the individual houses. This technology is already well-known; Figure 25a and b; see chapter “Biomass heating systems”. As solar thermal systems with seasonal storage are always site-dependent, the design has to be made accounting for the local conditions. Detailed simulations and systematic variation of design parameters are a necessity for design and the analysis of the overall performance and economics. Technical developments with central solar heating plants with seasonal storage (CSHPSS) applicable for a group of houses and super-insulated water tanks for one-house low energy loads, have brought seasonal storage applications closer to reality. When going into large storage systems other technologies than water tank may be employed. If the storage requirement is less than a few thousand m3, or < 100 MWh, then ordinary insulated steel tanks are the cheapest alternative. For larger volumes, different subsurface storage concepts become interesting due to much lower costs. Thus the best sensible heat storage technology may change with the capacity needed. 8PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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