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The following example demonstrates the reduction of unit costs of storage when increasing the size of the storage and choosing the optimal storage concept: • 1 m3 water storage 1,000 EUR/m3 • 10,000 m3 earth pit 40 EUR/m3 • 100,000 m3 rock cavern 10 EUR/m3 . The CSHPSS systems are typically built for heat loads ranging in size from tens of houses up to hundreds of houses. The collector size of such systems may be in the range of 500 - 100,000 m2 and the storage volume 1,000 - 500,000 m3. The largest CSHPSS built so far has a 4,320 m2 collector field and 105,000 m2 rock cavern storage; Figure 20. The main objective of present developments is to improve the overall cost-effectiveness of solar thermal systems with seasonal storage. Already in some special cases seasonal storage solar heating may be found economically justified, but this conclusion is not yet generally valid for other sites and applications. The major R&D efforts are directed towards storage technologies and system design. 7. Heat distribution network To reduce the heat losses of the heat distribution system in larger buildings with more consumers as well as in district heating both the storage integration in the heat network and the concept of the heat distribution network is of high importance. For solar-supported heating systems 4-pipe-networks and 2-pipe-networks are used.The evaluation based on experimental data shows clearly that 2-pipe-nets have obvious advantages over 4-pipe-nets when it comes to the plant efficiency and utilisation of the solar system. 2- pipe-nets reveal the lowest need for auxiliary energy in all building geometries and energy densities. The advantages of 2-pipe-nets concerning the need for auxiliary energy are greater in less compact buildings (low energy densities) than in compact buildings (multiple-storey buildings, high energy densities). On the one hand the 2-pipe-nets reduce the distribution losses and on the other hand the low temperatures from the energy distribution network offer optimum starting conditions for the thermal solar plant which translates into higher solar yields. Regarding economic aspects, in very compact buildings with high energy densities, 4-pipe- nets may have some advantage compared to 2-pipe-nets, but when it comes to small and medium sized energy 2-pipe nets are to be given preference. 2-pipe network can be operated in combination with decentralised boilers in the row houses or in combination with decentralised heat exchangers; Figure 25a and Figure 25b. With individual storages it is possible to operate the network at different temperatures: lower temperature for space heating (about 40°C) and higher temperature for hot water preparation (about 65°C to 70°C) Therefore the heat losses in the network can be reduced compared with a network with heat exchangers, which to be operated on the highest temperature all the time. On the other hand, the investment costs for decentralised storages are higher than for heat exchangers. 9PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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